Additions to Article
editA primary mineral is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host igneous primary rock and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals. In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals.
Primary minerals can be used to analyze geochemical dispersion halos, and indicator minerals. Furthermore, the most dominant primary minerals in soils are
silicate minerals.[1] A variety of silica groups have been discovered, and are controlled by their bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron.[1]
The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the volcanic or magmatic flow from which it is formed. Extrusive rocks (such as basalt, rhyolite, andesite and obsidian) and intrusive rocks (such as granite, granodiorite, gabbro and peridotite) contain primary minerals including quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene and olivine in varying concentrations. Additionally, primary sulfate minerals occur in igneous rocks. Primary sulfate minerals may occur in veins, these minerals include; Hauynite, Noselite, Barite, Anhydrite, Gypsum (primary and secondary mineral), Celestite, Alunite (primary and secondary mineral), Creedite, and Thaumasite.[2]
Geochemistry associated with primary minerals
editGeochemical Dispersion Halos
editPrimary ore deposits contain primary ores that may develop a geochemical dispersion halo known as primary dispersion expressions. [3] "These primary expressions are syndepositional in nature, and thus can occur at or close to the time of ore formation". [3] "Primary ore expressions may show alteration of the host rocks. These alterations include; silicification, pyritization, sericitization, chloritization, carbonate alteration, tourmalinization, and greisens". [3]
Indicator Minerals
editHeavy indicator minerals can lead to a good approximation of primary geology and presence of mineral deposits. Primary indicator minerals can be used to identify gold deposits, kimberlites, and massive sulfide deposits.[4] The indicator minerals are further used to track dispersal trains in streams, which may determine location of primary ores/minerals, and their source.[4]
Primary Mineral Characteristics
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Minerals in soils are found as two types; primary and secondary.[1] "A primary mineral is a mineral that has not been altered chemically since its crystallization from a cooling magma." [1] Additionally, a primary mineral is defined as a mineral that is found in soil but not formed in soil, whereas secondary minerals are formed during weathering of primary minerals (Grunwald, 2019). The particle size of primary minerals is primarily larger than 2μm, which includes; silt, sand, and gravel.[1] The earth's crust and soils are dominated by silica in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Ti and O ions (Grunwald, 2019). The most dominant primary minerals in soil are the silicate minerals. Silicate minerals consist of more than 90% of the minerals in the Earth's crust.[1] There are 6 silica mineral groups, based on bonding arrangement, and silica tetrahedron.[1] The silica groups include; Nesosilicates, Sorosilicates, Cyclosilicates, Inosilicates, Phyllosilicates, and Tectosilicates.[1] Tectosilicates such as quartz, and cristobalite are common in soils.[1] Phyllosilicates are known as the sheet silicates, and include muscovite, biotite, and clay minerals.[1] Cyclosilicates are known as ring silicates, and include tourmaline.[1] Inosilicates are known as single/double chain silicates, and include amphiboles, and pyroxenes.[1] Sorosilicates contain double silica tetrahedra, such as vesuvianite.[1] Nesosilicates have one silica tetrahedra, such as olivine.[1]
Beneficiation of primary ores
editLeaching of primary sulfate minerals occurs through the process of bioleaching for the separation of primary sulfide ores. [5] Primary ores are also extracted through dense media separation (DMS), which is a technique that involves the removal of gangue through the variation of specific gravity within particles.[5] The dense minerals (high specific gravity) containing primary ores sink, and the lighter gangue minerals float to the surface. [5] DMS plants have been widely used for different mining applications, such as the beneficiation of lithium bearing ores from pegmatites, like the main lithium-bearing mineral known as spodumene. [5] Another method of beneficiation is through magnetic seperation. Magnetic seperation involves the seperation of iron-bearing gangue, such as hematite. [6] Hematite cannot be used in the iron and steel industry without beneficiation.[6] Roasting of primary low grade ores, such as siderite and hematite occurs further forming magnetite. [6] Once the conversion of iron-oxides occurs, magnetic separation may proceed to extract magnetic ores. [6] Additionally, another beneficiation technique used for primary ores is froth flotation. Froth flotation is used after roasting of primary ores, where the magnetite (or other primary ore) is further separated forming a concentrate.
References
editNanzyo, Kanno, Masami, Hitoshi (2018). Inorganic Constituents in Soil. Manhattan, New York City: Springer Open. p. 24. ISBN 978-981-13-1214-4. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-981-13-1214-4 [1]
[3] Mcqueen, Kenneth (2005). ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND THEIR PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS. Bentley, WA: CRC LEME. p. 3. ISBN 9781921039287 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267839370_Ore_deposit_types_and_their_primary_expressions
Sabine Grunwald (2019)- Soil and Water Sciences Department - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - UF/IFAS https://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/faculty/grunwald/teaching/eSoilScience/primary.shtml#parent --> Link from original primary mineral Wikipedia article
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008095975701127X [4]
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/14/8/581/14319/Primary-hypogene-sulphate-minerals-in-ore-deposits?redirectedFrom=fulltext
[2]
Control and optimization in the bio-extraction of metals from primary ores before the new mineral processing techniques: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147466701631285X [7]
The Beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0892687518305089 [5]
Beneficiation of an iron ore fines by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301751617302053 [6]
Changes Made
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nanzyo, Kanno, Masami, Hitoshi (2018). Inorganic Constituents in Soil. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-981-13-1214-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Butler, Bert (December 1, 1919). "Primary (Hypogene) Sulphate Minerals in Ore Deposits". Economic Geology. 14: 581–609 – via GeoscienceWorld.
- ^ a b c d Mcqueen, Kenneth (2005). ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND THEIR PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS. Bentley, WA: CRC LEME. p. 3. ISBN 9781921039287.
- ^ a b c Bowell, Cohen, R.J., D.R. (2014). Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) Chapter 13.24 Exploration Geochemistry. Amsterdam ; San Diego, CA, USA.: Elsevier Ltd. p. 635. ISBN 9780080983004.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Tadesse, Makuei, Albijanic, Dyer, Bogale, Fidele, Boris, Laurence (2019). "The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review". Minerals Engineering. 131: 1, 4 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Yu, Han, Li, Gao, Jianwen, Yuexin, Yanjun, Peng (2017). "Beneficiation of an iron ore fines by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation". International Journal of Mineral Processing. 168: 1 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sobral, Oliviera, Luis, Debora (2013). "Control and optimization in the bio-extraction of metals from primary ores before the new mineral processing techniques". IFAC. 46: 1 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Created paragraph out of last 4 points of original article, and modern soil science information.
Added new information on soil information regarding primary minerals, and created sub-heading: Primary Mineral Characteristics.
Added new information on geochemistry associated with primary ores, and created sub-headings: Geochemistry associated with primary minerals, Geochemical Dispersion Halos, and Indicator Minerals.