Predation
editIschadium detects predators primarily through the use of scent, the scent of the predator or the scent of nearby dead bivalves. Hooked mussels’ primary predators include the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Ischadium recurvum grows on Crassostrea virginica reefs. These reefs appear off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They tend to appear in estuarine conditions in the Gulf.[1]Ischadium is a choice prey item due to its richness of macronutrients. It contains large amounts of crude proteins, lipids, ash, and gross energy regardless of season in comparison to other mussels such as M. lateralis. It also contains more magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese than other comparable mussels.[2]
Strategies to Avoid Predation
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Being a good prey item, Ischadium must build its defenses in order to protect itself, It does this by creating a harder shell. Shell strength, the amount of force it takes to crack the shell, increases as the length of the mussel increases.[3]These mussels tend to be more successful in clumps than as individuals. Due to the increased difficulty of predators obtaining them. In clumps the mussels are not only harder to reach, but also they are harder to detach from these clumps. In order for the mussels to defend themselves from predators, they create byssal threads. Byssal threads are threads that connect them to their substrate. By creating more byssal threads the mussel is harder to remove from their spot. Because larger mussels produce a greater amount of byssal threads, smaller mussels tend to be the targets of prey like the blue crab. While the smaller mussels spend a greater fraction energy to produce byssal threads they still tend to be targeted by predators due to their smaller size and surface area.[1]
Habitat
editIschadium recurvum prefers to feed in environments with a lower salinity. As salinity increased rates of clearance, filtration, organic ingestion, and absorption rates decreased. High salinity values are stressful for this species of bivalves and make their feeding habits inefficient.[4] Due to Ischadium recurvum’s dependency upon oyster beds its survivability depends directly on the oyster’s survivability. In regions such as the Chesapeake bay, where disease and over-harvesting have caused a decline in the oyster population, there has been a corresponding loss in the hooked mussel population. While Ischadium can attach on to other hard substrates the decline in the oyster population also causes increases in sedimentation rates, which causes the loss of substrate available to Ischadium.[5]
Peer Review
-You can make the bold headings actual headings by highlighting them and hitting "heading" in the paragraph tab.
-Maybe say why it is a "good prey item"-- know anything about the food chain/web of its habitat?
-These are great facts! Maybe include information regarding general body description, reproduction, ecology if that information is available
-There are places in the "Predation" and in the middle of "Strategies to Avoid Predation" where information needs to be cited
-Like the word "ash" because people might not know that term
-At the end of "Predation" maybe include why these elements matter, if that information is known
-Nice job explaining "Strategies to Avoid Predation"
-You should put "Ischadium recurvum" as the title of this article
- There are a few grammar mistakes in the first and last paragraphs
-Nice job!!
- ^ a b Cyrana, M. (2014). "Inducible Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators". Hood College – via Proquest.
- ^ Harding, Ellery (2020). "Investigating the Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum". University of West Georgia: 43 – via Proquest.
- ^ Wells-Berlin, Alicia M.; Perry, Matthew C.; Kohn, Richard A.; Jr, Kennedy T. Paynter; Ottinger, Mary Ann (2015-05-15). "Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata)". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0119839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4433283. PMID 25978636.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Galimany, E.; Lunt, J.; Domingos, A.; Paul, V. J. (2018-12-01). "Feeding Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient". Estuaries and Coasts. 41 (8): 2378–2388. doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6. ISSN 1559-2731.
- ^ Graczyk, T. K.; Fayer, R.; Lewis, E. J.; Trout, J. M.; Farley, C. A. (1999-05-01). "Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay". Parasitology Research. 85 (7): 518–521. doi:10.1007/s004360050590. ISSN 1432-1955.