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Jacob Riis Park - edits

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  • Potential photo to use (of Craig Rodwell from NYPL archives) https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/4490ff00-50ba-0132-863d-58d385a7bbd0 (copyright?: The copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by The New York Public Library, but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use.)


LGBTQ History

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The easternmost end of the park’s beach, Bays 1 and 2, has been a site of LGBTQ gathering since at least the 1940s.[1] While it was a “well-known destination for mostly white gay men to sunbathe and cruise" in the 1940s, lesbian women also began to gather nearby by the 1950s.[1] In the 1960s, the beach became clothing optional and many people referred to it as “Screech Beach” in reference to its gay beachgoers.[1] The beach remained clothing optional until July 3, 1983, when a state law banning bottomlessness went into effect.[2] Despite the allowance for nudity, police were known to arrest people they deemed as men for wearing “too minimal” suits on the boardwalk.[3][4][5][1]

1974 National Park Service (NPS)-sponsored fieldwork describes Bays 1 and 2’s population as predominantly white with a notable contingent of Black and Latinx beachgoers– with many Black gay beachgoers moving between Bays 1 and 2 and the boardwalk behind Bay 5, known as a site of historically Black gathering–while NPS fieldwork from 2000 reports a demographic shift to “a predominance of blacks and Hispanics” at Bay 1.[6]

The beach continues to be of particular significance to queer and trans people of color. Pride in the City, a New York City Black pride event, was held at a softball field adjacent to Bay 2 in 2006, drawing a crowd of thousands.[7] G.L.I.T.S., an organization dedicated to providing healthcare and housing to Black transgender people, organized Riis Pride at the beach in 2022.[8]

Riis as an LGBTQ gathering space has been mentioned in several works of literature including Audre Lorde’s Zami,  Torrey Peters’ Detransition, Baby, and Sabrina Imbler’s How Far the Light Reaches.[9][10][11][12][13]

Notable LGBTQ beachgoers include:


The Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) refers to low-lying coastal areas with an elevation below a certain threshold, commonly 10 meters, above mean sea level. Globally, there is a substantial and growing population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone, which consists of approximately 2% of the world's land area and around 11% of the global population.[19][20][21] The LECZ is an area of interest because it represents areas that are and will be vulnerable to impacts of flooding and sea level rise due to climate change.[22]

Definition and Derivation

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The term Low Elevation Coastal Zone was defined as "the contiguous area along the coast that is less than 10 metres above sea level" in a 2007 paper by McGranahan et al.,[23] although since then various elevation thresholds such as 5 meters have been used to define the LECZ for research purposes. The LECZ is derived using elevation data and also incorporates data on population density.[19] The LECZ includes places on land with elevations below sea level, as well as areas of land that are above sea level but are below a specified threshold. It represents the population in a region that may be vulnerable to impacts of present and future flooding and sea level rise.[22]

Estimates of the LECZ

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The Low Elevation Coastal Zone has been estimated and mapped for the globe as well as for many countries, territories, and cities by the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center at Columbia University as part of NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (see maps here) as well as by researchers.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate includes a figure (Figure CB9.1) that is a global map of low-lying islands and coasts, including the LECZ and low-lying islands.[24]

 
A map of the Low Elevation Coastal Zone in Bangladesh and the country's population density. Image from SEDACMaps, CC-BY-2.0.

Population living in the LECZ

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Global Estimates

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The global population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone is substantial and growing.[20] Estimates using 2010 and 2020 data estimate that approximately 11% of the world's population was living in low elevation areas below an elevation of 10 meters, compared to 10% based on 2000 estimates.[20][21][25] As much as 13% of the world's urban population live in the LECZ based on 2000 estimates.[19] The number of people living in the LECZ worldwide may reach 1 billion people by 2050.[20]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Riis Park Beach – NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project". www.nyclgbtsites.org. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  2. ^ "NUDE SUNBATHING AT RIIS PARK IS BANNED BY NEW STATE LAW (Published 1983)". The New York Times. 1983-06-27. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  3. ^ Canavan, P. (1984). The Gay Community at Jacob Riis Park. In The Apple Sliced: Sociological Studies of New York City. Praeger Publishers
  4. ^ Joan Nestle, “Lesbian Memories I: Riis Park, 1960,” in A Restricted Country, p. 37.
  5. ^ Canavan, P. (1984). The Gay Community at Jacob Riis Park. In The Apple Sliced: Sociological Studies of New York City. Praeger Publishers.
  6. ^ Kornblum, W., & Williams, T. (1975). Segregation and use at Riis Park (File: Gateway; D-134; C.U.N.Y. Cooperative Park Studies Unit) [Research Paper]. National Park Service; National Park Service Library
  7. ^ Osborne, Duncan (2006-08-16). "Riis Pride in the City Bash Okayed". Gay City News.
  8. ^ Yeager, Nicky (2022-10-07). "The People's Beach' is a Queer Landmark That Deserves to Live On". The Indypendent.
  9. ^ Friedman, Vanessa Pamela (2023-06-13). "Riis—The People's Beach—Is Under Threat. 7 Queer People on Why That Matters". Vogue. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  10. ^ McConnell, Tatum (2023-01-07). "A Search for "How Far the Light Reaches" | Sierra Club". www.sierraclub.org. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  11. ^ a b Lorde, Audre (2005). Zami: a new spelling of my name (Nachdr. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing Press. ISBN 978-0-89594-122-0.
  12. ^ Peters, Torrey (2021). Detransition, baby. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-593-13337-8.
  13. ^ Imbler, Sabrina (2022). How Far the Light Reaches: A Life in Ten Sea Creatures. ISBN 9780316540537.
  14. ^ "Harvey Milk & Joe Campbell Residence – NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project". www.nyclgbtsites.org. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  15. ^ The James C. Hormel Gay and Lesbian Center San Francisco Public Library. HARVEY MILK LETTERS to JOE CAMPBELL 1961-[1971]. Retrieved 19 August 2023 from https://sfpl.org/pdf/main/glc/GLC20_Milk-Campbell_Letters.pdf
  16. ^ "Powerful and Dangerous". The Alice Austen House Museum. 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  17. ^ "Don't Stop Talking 2". joannestle2.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  18. ^ Waters, Michael (2022-10-26). "The Uncertain Future of the Queer Beach". The Baffler. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  19. ^ a b c McGranahan, Gordon; Balk, Deborah; Anderson, Bridget (2007). "The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones". Environment and Urbanization. 19 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1177/0956247807076960. ISSN 0956-2478.
  20. ^ a b c d Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022-05-19). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009157964.006.. ISBN 978-1-009-15796-4. {{cite book}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  21. ^ a b Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023-06-22). Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009325844.019.. ISBN 978-1-009-32584-4. {{cite book}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  22. ^ a b Wright, Lynn Donelson; Thom, Bruce Graham (2023-10-17). "Coastal Morphodynamics and Climate Change: A Review of Recent Advances". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 11 (10): 1997. doi:10.3390/jmse11101997. ISSN 2077-1312.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ McGranahan, Gordon; Balk, Deborah; Anderson, Bridget (2007-04). "The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones". Environment and Urbanization. 19 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1177/0956247807076960. ISSN 0956-2478. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "Figure CB9.1 — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate". Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  25. ^ Wong, P.P., I.J. Losada, J.-P. Gattuso, J. Hinkel, A. Khattabi, K.L. McInnes, Y. Saito, and A. Sallenger, 2014: Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 361-409. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap5_FINAL.pdf
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