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Start Date[1] | Years before 1950 (BP) | VEI[1] | Lava volume (km3)[2] |
Tephra volume (km3)[2] |
Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
February 26, 2000 | - | 3 | 0.19 | 0.01 | Eruption ended March 8, 2000[1] |
January 17, 1991 | - | 3 | 0.15 | 0.02 | Eruption ended March 11, 1991[1] |
April 9, 1981 | - | 2 | 0.03[3] | - | Eruption ended April 16, 1981[1] |
August 17, 1980 | - | 3 | 0.12[3] | 0.06 | Eruption ended August 20, 1980[1] |
May 5, 1970 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.07 | Eruption ended July 5, 1970[1] | |
March 29, 1947 | 3 | 4 | 0.8 | 0.18 | Eruption ended April 21, 1948[1] |
April 25, 1913 | 37 | 2 | 0.05 | - | Eruption ended May 18, 1913[1] |
February 27, 1878 | 72 | 2 | 0.2 | - | Eruption ended April 1878[1] |
September 2, 1845 | 96 | 4 | 0.63 | 0.23 | Eruption ended about April 5, 1846[1] |
April 5, 1776 | 174 | 4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | Eruption ended in May 1768.[1] Tephra composition is rhyolite to dacite (Icelandite).[4] |
April 2, 1725 | 225 | 1 | - | - | |
February 13, 1693 | 257 | 4 | - | 0.3 | Eruption ended about September 14, 1693[1] |
May 8, 1636 | 314 | 3 | - | 0.18 | Eruption ended in June 1637[1] |
January 3, 1597 | 353 | 4 | 0.29 | Eruption ended in or after June 1597[1] | |
May 1554 | 396 | 2 | 0.1 | - | Eruption ended about June 1554 |
July 25, 1510 | 440 | 4 | - | 0.32 | |
December 1389 | 561 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.15 | Eruption ended in 1390 |
May 19, 1341 | 609 | 3 | - | 0.18 | |
July 11, 1300 | 650 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | Eruption ended in July 1301. Tephra composition is rhyolite to dacite (Icelandite).[4] |
1222 | 728 | 2 | - | 0.04 | |
December 4, 1206 | 744 | 3 | - | 0.4 | Dated using historical records. |
January 19, 1158 | 792 | 4 | 0.1 | 0.33 | |
October 15, 1104 | 846 | 5 | 0 | 2.0 | Within 45 days of date. Tephra composition is rhyolite.[4] |
1050 ± 500 | 900 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
781 ± 2 | 1169 ± 2 | - | - | -Greenland ice core[5] | |
753 ± 2 | 1197 ± 2 | - | - | -Greenland ice core[5] | |
650 ± 500 | 1300 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
550 ± 1500 | 1400 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
350 ± 500 | 1600 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
250 ± 1500 | 1700 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
150 ± 2500 BCE | 2100 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
250 ± 500 BCE | 2200 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
650 ± 2500 BCE | 2600 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
750 ± 500 BCE | 2700 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
850 ± 80 BCE | 2800 ± 80 | - | - | - | H C dacite (Icelandite) tephra.[4] |
1144 ± 30 BCE | 3094 ± 30 | 5 | - | 10 | H 3 dacite, rhyolite tephra.[4] Cal BP[6] |
1150 ± 1500 BCE | 3100 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
1250 ± 1500 BCE | 3200 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
1350 ± 2500 BCE | 3300 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
1550 BCE | 3500 | 4 | - | - | |
1650 ± 2500 BCE | 3600 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
1750 ± 500 BCE | 3700 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
1850 ± 2500 BCE | 3800 ± 2500 | - | - | 2.0 | |
2375 ± 8 BCE | 4325 ± 8 | 5 | - | 10.0 | H 4 rhyolite tephra.[4]Ice core age used.[6] |
2335 ± 180 BCE | 4285 ± 180 | - | - | - | H 4270 alkali basalt tephra.[4] Age corrected for H4 ice core age to maintain mean 10 year separation.[6] |
2450 ± 1500 BCE | 4400 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
2750 ± 2500 BCE | 4700 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
2950 ± 500 BCE | 4900 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
3350 ± 2500 BCE | 5300 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
3450 ± 1500 BCE | 5400 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
3750 ± 1500 BCE | 5700 ± 1500 | - | - | - | |
3950 ± 500 BCE | 5900 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
4050 ± 500 BCE | 6000 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
4110 ± 100 BCE | 6060 ± 100 | 5 | 0 | 1 | |
4150 ± 2500 BCE | 6100 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
4250 ± 500 BCE | 6200 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
4650 ± 500 BCE | 6600 ± 500 | - | - | - | |
4700 BCE | 6650 | 4 | - | - | Date only constrained by before and after eruptions |
4750 ± 2500 BCE | 6700 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
4950 ± 2500 BCE | 6900 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
5050 BCE | 7000 | - | - | - | Date only constrained by before and after eruptions |
5220 BCE | 7170 ± 70 | 5 | - | 3 | H 5 basaltic to rhyolite tephra. Cal BP age used.[6] |
5850 ± 2500 BCE | 7800 ± 2500 | - | - | - | |
8600 ± 150 BCE | 10550 ± 150 | - | - | - | H 10550 alkali basalt tephra.[4] |
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cite error: The named reference
GVPHEH
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Hekla". Retrieved 30 June 2024.
- ^ a b Sonnentag, Kristín Þorsteinsdóttir (2024). Mass eruption rates in the explosive phase of the last five Hekla eruptions, comparison between observations and models (PDF) (Thesis). Faculty of Earth Science, University of Iceland. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Harning, D.J.; Florian, C.R.; Geirsdóttir, Á.; Thordarson, T.; Miller, G.H.; Axford, Y.; Ólafsdóttir, S. (2024). "High-resolution Holocene record from Torfdalsvatn, north Iceland, reveals natural and anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic environments". Climate of the Past Discussions: 1–41. doi:10.5194/cp-2024-26.
- ^ a b Gabriel, I.; Plunkett, G.; Abbott, P.M.; Behrens, M.; Burke, A.; Chellman, N.; Cook, E.; Fleitmann, D.; Hörhold, M.; Hutchison, W.; McConnell, J.R. (2024). "Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 194. Bibcode:2024ComEE...5..194G. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01350-6.
- ^ a b c d Davies, S.M.; Albert, P.G.; Bourne, A.J.; Owen, S.; Svensson, A.; Bolton, M.S.; Cook, E.; Jensen, B.J.; Jones, G.; Ponomareva, V.V.; Suzuki, T. (2024). "Exploiting the Greenland volcanic ash repository to date caldera-forming eruptions and widespread isochrons during the Holocene". Quaternary Science Reviews. 334: 108707. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108707.