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editSchinia pulchripennis, or the common flower moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae that is distributed throughout North America, including California [1] and Nevada.
Reproduction and development of the moth mainly occurs on the plant Orthocarpus purascens from the family Orobanchaceae. This plant is also the larvae's food source. [2] In addition to O. puprascens, S. pulchripennis also consume the nectar on a variety of other plants.
Physical Traits
editS. pulchripennis have majenta forewings with pale yellow regions and dark brown hind wings with a white center. Additionally, the top of their thorax contains purple, grey, and black hair. Contrarily, the bottom of their thorax and abdomen contain yellow hair. The moth also has a wingspan that can range from 19–22 mm. [2]
Development
editReproduction
editPrior to reproduction, females remain at the blossom of O. pupurascens until a male approaches them to mate. [3] Generally, the mothers lay their eggs and place them between the blossom and the bract of the food plant. [2] Compared to other species (e.g. Helicoverpa), Schinia lay relatively large eggs in the expense of low fecundity, ranging from tens to hundreds of eggs. [3][4]
Maturation
editInitially, the eggs are pale yellow, however they brown as incubation continues. Towards the end of the incubation period, head capsules and prothoracic shields begin to appear. Once the larvae hatch from the eggs, they travel towards the seed capsule, where they begin nesting and feeding. The larval stage, including all the stadiums, lasts for approximately 28.5 days. When the larvae reach the fourth or fifth stadium, they emerge from the seed capsule and move to the head of the blossom. At this point, they are able to consume both the flower and seeds of the plant. [2] As they remain on the head of the blossom, they are able to avoid predators due to their ability to blend into the flower with their developed color and spot pattern. [2][3] When the larvae are fully matured, they drop and tunnel into the ground, where they pupate. The moths then emerge from the ground during spring or winter when there is enough rain to germinate O. puparascens seeds. [3]
Food Sources
editAdult S. pulchripennis receive their food source from the nectar of the following plants: Allium amplectens, Cryptantha spp, Lasthenia californica, Layia fremontii, and Layia platyglossa. [5] As explained in the Development section, the larvae feed on O. pupurascens, also known as Castilleja exserta. [6]
Habitat
editThe habitat of the moth includes the desert (e.g. Mojave desert) [2] [3] and cismontane California [7].
References
edit- ^ Doyen, J. T.; Opler, P. A. (1973-10-05). "Distributional Affinities of Some Xerophilous Insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera) in Central California". The Southwestern Naturalist. 18 (3): 305. doi:10.2307/3669745. ISSN 0038-4909.
- ^ a b c d e f Hardwick, David F. (1958/ed). "Taxonomy, Life History, and Habits of the Elliptoid-eyed Species of Schinia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with Notes on the Heliothidinae". The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 90 (S6): 5–116. doi:10.4039/entm9006fv. ISSN 0071-075X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e 1924-2001., Hardwick, David F. (David Francis), (1965). The corn earworm complex. Entomology Research Institute. OCLC 639997221.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cho, Soowon; Mitchell, Andrew; Mitter, Charles; Regier, Jerome; Matthews, Marcus; Robertson, Ron (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of heliothine moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), with comments on the evolution of host range and pest status". Systematic Entomology. 33 (4): 581–594. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00427.x. ISSN 1365-3113.
- ^ Caldwell, Jeffrey (2014). "California Plants as Resources for Lepidoptera: a guide for gardeners, restorationists and naturalists" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 48 (help) - ^ Ekici, Nuran; Dane, Feruzan; Olgun, Göksel (2013-09). "Ultrastructure of central cell in female gametophyte ofCastilleja wightiiElmer (Scrophulariaceae)". Acta Biologica Hungarica. 64 (3): 319–327. doi:10.1556/abiol.64.2013.3.5. ISSN 0236-5383.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Doyen, J. T.; Opler, P. A. (1973). "Distributional Affinities of Some Xerophilous Insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera) in Central California". The Southwestern Naturalist. 18 (3): 305–316. doi:10.2307/3669745. ISSN 0038-4909.