User:Cs32en/911/Articles/9-11 Truth Movement

General

History

Official investigations

9/11 Commission

In January 2002, President Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney asked Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle to limit the investigations to "intelligence failures." (WP article)

To the consternation of the families and the "9/11 skeptics" in general, many of the questions that the 9/11 Family Steering Committee put to the 9/11 Commission were not asked in either the hearings or in the Commission Report. Lorie Van Auken, one of the "Jersey Widows", estimates that only 30% of their questions were answered in the final 9/11 Commission Report, published July 22, 2004. The story of the Families Movement and their monitoring of the commission is documented in the film 9/11: Press for Truth (2006). (WP article)

NIST

Immediately after the collapses of the Towers and Building 7, eyewitness testimony referring to explosions, along with features of the collapses caught on film that resembled footage of controlled demolitions, led many people, including some news anchors and engineers, to suspect that explosives had been pre-planted within the buildings. Within hours, the explanation that the impact damage and fires had led to a "progressive collapse" was presented in the mainstream media. And in weeks and months that followed, articles in scientific journals explained that the global collapses of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers were inevitable, with most asserting that the impact damage and intense heat of the fires caused the floor trusses and the vertical columns to weaken and fail, and the "pancake" effect of floors crashing down on top of one another brought down the entire structure. The initial government investigation, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Report (May 2002), reached similar conclusions, but recommended a more thorough investigation. The full Report into the collapses of the Twin Towers by the official investigators, NIST, was published in June 2005. (WP article)

Following the NIST Report, numerous responses were written by members of the 9/11 Truth movement. Many of these responses claimed that it ignored key evidence suggesting an explosive demolition, "distorted reality" by using deceptive language and diagrams, and attacked straw man arguments, such as the 2005 article by Jim Hoffman entitled, Building a better mirage: NIST's 3-year $20,000,000 Cover Up of the Crime of the Century. (WP article)

In the Fall of 2005, then-Brigham Young University Physics professor Steven Jones announced a paper criticizing the NIST Report and describing his hypothesis that the WTC towers had been intentionally demolished by explosives. This paper garnered a small amount of mainstream media attention, including an appearance by Jones on MSNBC. This was the first such programming on a major cable news station. As of November 2006, Jones had not published his research in peer-reviewed mainstream journals. Although Jones has been criticized by his university for publicizing his claims before vetting them through the approved peer review process and has since been placed on paid leave, he continues to remain a focus of public interest for his 9/11 research. (WP article)

Until 2006

In September 2002, the first "Bush Did It!" rallies and marches were held in San Francisco and Oakland, California organized by The All People's Coalition. In October 2002, an anti-Bush parody of the dollar bill that includes addresses of websites which say they prove that 9/11 was an inside job, began being produced and handed out at protests and rallies. (WP article)

The 911 Visibility Project was formed in 2003 and in January 2004 they organized a demonstration at Ground Zero; activists stood behind a large banner that read "The Bush Regime Engineered 9/11," and held signs reading "Support the Families: Stop 9/11 Cover-Up" and "Bush Knew". Leaflets were handed out pointing out supposed inconsistencies in the official account. On March 20, 2004, more than 100,000 people turned out for an anti-war demonstration in New York. 9/11 truth activists distributed thousands of "Stop the 9-11 Cover-Up" signs and the movement received national press exposure. (WP article)

2006/07

• In recent months, interest in September 11-conspiracy theories has surged. Since January, traffic to the major conspiracy Web sites has increased steadily. The number of blogs that mention "9/11" and "conspiracy" each day has climbed from a handful to over a hundred. [June 2006]

• As the five-year anniversary of the attacks approaches, the clamor of Avery and other conspiracy theorists has gotten stronger -- and more widely accepted.

• Last winter, “Investigate 9/11” banners seemed to be popping up all over the place. [2008]

• Even as conspiracy theories thrived abroad, they mostly fell on deaf ears in the first years after the attacks. But as the fifth anniversary nears, 9/11 Truth and its outlandish claims have become an online phenomenon-and are proving startlingly persuasive.

• But he [Mark Fenster] has noticed a large increase in the popularity of 9/11 Truth in the past year, which he attributes to rising disaffection with the Bush administration and the Iraq war.

Anti-war movement

• “It’s very interesting to see,” [George Monbiot] says, “particularly in the United States, how the anti-war movement has been largely co-opted in many places by the 9/11 Truth movement. [...]”

• Much to the chagrin of many elements within the antiwar left, these 9/11 deniers are now as involved in protesting the Iraq and Afghanistan wars as getting the "truth" out about 9/11.

• Another point of agreement, highlighted by the organizer of the event, was the vociferously antiwar nature of a number of the protestors.

• In essays and journals, they are using their association with prominent universities to give a scholarly stamp to conspiracy theories long believed in parts of Europe and the Arab world, and gaining ground among Americans due to frustration with the Iraq war and opposition to President Bush's heavily hyped "war on terror".

International debate

• The Pentagon crash, the collapse of the World Trade Center, the crash of Flight 93—almost every aspect of what happened on 9/11 but the sheer horror of it—have become the subject of debate the world over.

Characteristics

Name

• an army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11 Truth movementY

• The loose agglomeration known as the ‘9/11 Truth Movement’Y

• a group known as the 9/11 Truth MovementY

• A large group of people - collectively called the 9/11 Truth MovementY

• The ‘9/11 Truth Movement,’ as it is now commonly calledY

• Jones is a physics professor involved in what's called the "9-11 Truth Movement."Y

• a larger coalition known as the “9/11 Truth Movement,”Y

• a nationwide collection of doubters known as the “9/11 Truth” movementY

9/11 Truth movement is the collective name of organizations and individuals that question whether the United States government was either negligent toward or complicit in the September 11 attacks. When negligence is alleged, motives given are nefarious such as allowing the launch of wars in Afghanistan and Iraq or curtailing civil liberties. (WP article)Y

Self-identification

• the 9/11 Truth Movement, as many conspiracy believers refer to their passion Y

• what adherents like to call the "9/11 Truth Movement" Y

Adherents

Characteristics

• Truthers often are prone to rambling: Your average speaker at a 9/11 Truth event, taking the podium with an overflowing sheaf of Internet print outs, might start his presentation on the mechanics of the WTC attacks, segue into a denunciation of George W. Bush's war crimes, and then veer into a lengthy disquisition on the 1995 Oklahoma bombing, before bringing the audience back to the Twin Towers.

• The audience was a mix of rangy, long-haired men with pale complexions, suntanned guys with broad arms and mustaches, women with teased bangs, serious-looking youngsters wearing backpacks and didactic T-shirts, and elderly people with dreadlocks. But everyone seemed to get behind what Alex Jones had just said. In fact, they went absolutely wild with cheers.

• It would be unfair to lump everyone at the conference with such nutty ideas; for every Webre there was someone like Sander Hicks.

• Sept. 11 conspiracy theorists now include politicians such as Cynthia McKinney, actors such as Charlie Sheen, professors, journalists and documentarians.

Social background

• Mr. Berger, 40, is typical of 9/11 Truthers — a group that, in its rank and file, includes professors, chain-saw operators, mothers, engineers, activists, used-book sellers, pizza deliverymen, college students, a former fringe candidate for United States Senate and a long-haired fellow named hummux (pronounced who-mook) who, on and off, lived in a cave for 15 years. Y

• "Conspiracists (come) from all parts of the population, they (come) from all racial and religious groups," says Bob Goldberg, a history professor at the University of Utah and the author of "Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America." Y

• Those behind the theories aren't just self-interested film-makers and raving bloggers. There are physics professors, pilots, engineers, scientists, supposed eyewitnesses and a handful of celebrities. Y

Political orientation

• The symbols and the language were borrowed from the civil rights struggle, but the truthers are an eclectic group, including anti-Bush, anti-war liberals and anti-government libertarians. Y

• While many conspiracy theorists are politically liberal, they also include people on the right, including members of the John Birch Society, who imply that the Sept. 11 attacks were part of a continuing plan by U.S. elites to create a "New World Order" and impose greater control over Americans. Y

• Based on my informal survey of the crowd at the Hyatt conference, I noted that attendees seemed to come from each extreme of the political spectrum. There were representatives of the far right who decry any form of government authority, but there were also members of the far left waging a tireless campaign against the perceived evils of capitalism and imperialism. Y

Name

• Truthers, as they are called Y

Members of the movement are frequently referred to as “Truthers”. (WP article) Y

Self-identification

• 9/11 Truthers, as they call themselves Y

• Truthers (as the conspiracy believers like to call themselves) Y

• Truthers bristle at being called conspiracy theorists Y

• Conspiracy theorists – or 9/11 skeptics as they prefer to be called Y

• Some of them reject the term "conspiracy theorist," instead calling themselves "truth activists" Y

Size

• The "9/11 Truth Movement," as it is now commonly called, has millions of adherents across the world.

• The population of world No. 2 is larger than you might think. A Scripps-Howard poll of 1,010 adults last month found that 36% of Americans consider it "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that government officials either allowed the attacks to be carried out or carried out the attacks themselves. Thirty-six percent adds up to a lot of people. This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality.

• “With the Kennedy assassination, pretty soon after the events themselves there were fairly significant questions being raised by people of all types and stripes about what actually happened,” says Mark Fenster, a University of Florida law professor and author of Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. “But whereas then it was a generalised, amorphous kind of response, the amount of organisation – politically and through alternative media – is far more striking now than it was back then.”

• An entire industry has sprung up about the speculation of the events of 9/11 - the most thoroughly documented day in history.

Organization

Coherence

• the loosely affiliated conspiracy theorists that comprise the 9/11 Truth Movement Y

• the "9/11 truth movement," the loose affiliation of skeptics who doubt the official story Y

Communication

• Fenster thinks that the 9/11 Truth movement is in some ways a typical American response to a surprising and traumatic event. But it also represents a step change in its use of telecommunications technology. “One of the interesting things, particularly in the beginning of this movement, was the extent to which there were a lot of local groups in different cities organising protests ... and they could co-ordinate and create a national and international movement,” he says. “Whether that translates into more people actually believing in the conspiracy theory is a completely different question.” Y

• On this Friday afternoon, 500 conspiracy theorists descended on the Embassy Suites for a conference called "9/11: Revealing the Truth — Reclaiming Our Future." It was the most substantial gathering of the "9/11 truth movement," as the conspiracy theorists call themselves, to date. And for Mr. Jones, it was a coming out of sorts.

• Although the 9/11 Truth Movement, as many conspiracy believers refer to their passion, has been largely ignored by the mainstream media, it is flourishing on the Internet. Y

• Thanks to the power of the web and live broadcasts on television, the conspiracy theories surrounding the events of 9/11 - when terrorists attacked the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon in Washington - have surpassed those of Roswell and JFK in traction. Y

• 9/11 is the conspiracy theory of the internet age. Y

• Google “911 conspiracy” and the bytes bury you. The first great conspiracy theory of the Internet Age—imagine JFK assassinationology with the Web!—9/11 Truth is a fast-moving meme. Y

Conferences

Members of the 9/11 truth organizations, such as the Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice, regularly hold meetings and conferences to discuss alternative theories about 9/11 and to strategize about how best to achieve their goals. Many of these conferences are organized by 911truth.org and some have been covered by the international media. (WP article)

Prominent members

• The most august of the pack are retired theology professor David Ray Griffin, author of Debunking 9/11 Debunking, and Webster Tarpley, author of 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA.

• The film has transformed Avery into one of world's most influential proselytizers of the theory that the 9/11 attacks were an "inside job." Y

• The academic wing is led by Griffin, who founded the Center for a Postmodern World at Claremont University; James Fetzer, a tenured philosopher at the University of Minnesota (Fetzer's an old hand in JFK assassination research); and Daniel Orr, the retired chairman of the economics department at the University of Illinois. Y

• The most infamous conspiracy theorist of them all is Thierry Meyssan. Y

• The movement's de facto minister of engineering is Steven Jones, a tenured physics professor at Brigham Young University, who's studied vectors and velocities and tested explosives and concluded that the collapse of the twin towers is best explained as controlled demolition, sped by a thousand pounds of high-grade thermite. Y

Positions

General

• Such was the coming-out for the movement known as "9/11 Truth," a society of skeptics and scientists who believe the government was complicit in the terrorist attacks. Y

• As the movement morphs into an international activist group, it recognises that if it is to convince middle Americans, it must distance itself from its exotic fringe.

• People who believe the second explanation live in a very different world from those who believe the first. In world No. 2, al-Qaeda is not responsible for the destruction of the World Trade Center. The U.S. government is. The Pentagon was not hit by a commercial jet; it was hit by a cruise missile. United Flight 93 did not crash after its occupants rushed the cockpit; it was deliberately taken down by a U.S. Air Force fighter. The entire catastrophe was planned and executed by federal officials in order to provide the U.S. with a pretext for going to war in the Middle East and, by extension, as a means of consolidating and extending the power of the Bush Administration.

• As the film [Loose Change] points out--and this is a tent-pole issue among 9/11 conspiracists--the crash site doesn't look right.

• That idea reprises the primary argument you see in conspiracy theories about 9/11: Hawks in the White House derived the greatest benefit from the attack (it helped their case for war), so we ought to suspect them of the crime. Y

• A popular "theory" is that the US Government orchestrated the attacks so it could make Americans hate Arabs and allow the military to bomb Muslim nations such as Iraq.

• Many of the theorists claim to have uncovered hard evidence that "proves" the Twin Towers were hit by military jets and brought down by controlled demolition, a mysterious white jet shot down United Flight 93, and the Pentagon was hit by a cruise missile.

• Strikingly, there is no obvious answer to that question, since for all the many articles about "Able Danger" and the witnesses who heard explosions at Ground Zero, there is not -- at least not that I could find -- a single document anywhere that lays out a single, concrete theory of what happened, who ordered what and when they ordered it, and why.

• Another point of agreement, highlighted by the organizer of the event, was the vociferously antiwar nature of a number of the protestors.

• In fact, 9/11 skeptics argue there was no 'failure' at all – that the CIA, FBI and National Security Agency played a part in 9/11, or at the very least knew the attack was coming and let it occur anyway. According to the skeptics 9/11 gave the Bush administration the justification to clampdown on civil liberties and invade Afghanistan and Iraq to ensure future supplies of oil. Y

• Popular are various configurations of a Cheney-Bush MIHOP, with most asserting that the vice-president, who appeared to be in charge on 9/11, was the main actor in the plot.

• There are some divergent strands among the conspiracy theorists, but for most of them, the story has two major tenets: The World Trade Center towers and nearby Building 7, though struck by planes, were brought down by controlled demolitions, and the Pentagon was struck by a missile, not a plane.

• As for who's responsible, most 9/11 Truthers point to the White House. They are particularly fond of implicating the Project for the New American Century, the conservative think tank that included Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld and once posited that its goals of a beefed-up military would take a long time without an event "like a new Pearl Harbor." Y

Differences

• Truthers, as they are called, hold a wide range of (often mutually exclusive) theories about what took place on September 11, 2001.

• Despite a host of differences, they share the belief that the widely accepted version of what happened on Sept. 11 is merely a front for a shadowy plot to fool the American people.

• And over time schisms have opened up in the 9/11 "truth" movement.

While there is general agreement within the movement that individuals within the United States government (but not necessarily the government as a whole) are responsible for the attacks, alternative theories differ about what may have happened. There have been a number of articles and responses written by members critiquing the methods and theories of other members, often in a scholarly format, as in the Journal of 9/11 Studies. (WP article)

Controlled demolition theory

• The main concern of those in the 9/11 Truth Movement is that they think it would be impossible for the World Trade Centre to fall in the uniform fashion that we all witnessed without it being the result of a controlled demolition.

• The controlled-demolition theory is the sine qua non of the 9/11 movement — its basic claim and, in some sense, the one upon which all others rest.

• When most of us recall the events of 9/11, we think of the image of those two seemingly indestructible World Trade Center towers crumbling to the ground. Not surprisingly, their collapse is also a central issue for the 9/11 Truth Movement.

History

• The genesis of all this can be traced back to a schism that followed the first real attempt to bring scholarly credibility to the 9/11 sceptics.

• But within a year, Jones had written to all members of Scholars announcing that he and others no longer wanted to be associated with Fetzer, who was, in the rebels’ opinion, holding them up to ridicule. [...] It prompted a stampede to a new group, Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice, headed by Jones.

• Posters on 911blogger.com and other conspiracy theory sites angrily reject certain ideas, like those of the outcast no-planers. They sometimes even threaten violence against the likes of the no-planers and ban them from forums for fear of being tainted by their lunacy.

LIHOP and MIHOP

• The 9/11 truthers share a lieutenant colonel's love of acronyms. They divide themselves into LIHOPS and MIHOPS and differences are not trifling. LIHOP stands for "Let It Happen On Purpose," which means someone inside the U.S. government intentionally let the terror conspiracy go. MIHOP means "Made It Happen On Purpose," and its gradations center on whether Bush was in or out of the loop (a surprising number believe he was clueless) and whether the Mossad or British intelligence was dealt into the deal.

• Once, it was the Mihops versus the Lihops. These factions, who sound like warring species from an H.G. Wells story, are those who believe the government Made It Happen On Purpose and those who think it Let It Happen On Purpose. The Mihops are in the ascendancy.

• Truthers who believe the US government “Made it happen on purpose”, “it” being the destruction of September 11.

• A more moderate strain of truther who believe the government “Let it happen on purpose”.

• At the milder end of the spectrum are the theorists who believe that the US government had prior warning of the attacks but did not do enough to stop them. Others believe that the Bush administration deliberately turned a blind eye to those warnings because it wanted a pretext to launch wars in the Middle East to usher in another century of American hegemony.

• To account for this problem groups such as the 9/11 Truth Movement have tried to classify themselves under two main headings. They identify themselves as either MIHOPs (Made It Happen On Purpose) or LIHOPs (Let It Happen On Purpose).

• They break down into two broad camps: those who believe that George W. Bush and Dick Cheney made 9/11 happen on purpose and those who believe that they let 9/11 happen on purpose.

• In his paper “What Is Your ‘HOP’ Level?” Nick Levis, who co-coordinates the N.Y. 9/11 Truth meetings with Father Morales and Les Jamieson, categorizes the basic narrative theories about September 11. The options essentially boil down to four.

• Then there are the LIHOPs and MIHOPs. Most "truthers" are MIHOPs - they think the government Made It Happen On Purpose, planning and orchestrating the 9/11 attacks.

• • The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11, by David Ray Griffin, a professor at the Claremont School of Theology, in California, has become the leading book on 9/11 conspiracy theories in this country, selling more than 100,000 copies and popularizing among 9/11 Truth activists the expressions “MIHOP” and “LIHOP”—for the government “made it happen on purpose” or “let it happen on purpose.”

"No-planers"

• People who claim that it wasn’t an aircraft, but a missile, that hit the Pentagon on September 11 2001. Some have taken it a step further and argued that no aircraft hit the twin towers, either. What the world saw that day, these sceptics argue, was either video trickery or cruise missiles disguised through image technology as aircraft.

• It’s not just supporters of the official story who roll their eyes at these claims. They put Griffin in the camp of the “no-planers”, at least as far as the attack on the Pentagon is concerned. The no-planers enrage the rest of the truthers, who accuse them of sabotaging the credibility of the movement. The claim that no plane hit the Pentagon is a Trojan horse, they say – disinformation that serves the conspirators.

• Then there's the theory that Flight 77 did not hit the Pentagon and United 93 did not crash in Shanksville, Pa. But, like, what happened to the passengers? (Among the passengers on Flight 77 was Barbara Olson, wife of former U.S. solicitor general Ted Olson).

• Many people in the 9/11 Truth Movement believe that the Pentagon was not actually struck by Flight 77, as the “official story” claims. Instead, they believe that the United States government somehow staged the damage, perhaps through the use of a bomb or strategically fired missile.

• Broached in 2002 by Thierry Meyssan in his French best-seller L’Effroyable Imposture (The Appalling Fraud), the idea that the Pentagon was struck by a missile instead of a 757 is the most controversial tenet of 9/11 Truth–iana.

Controlled demolition hypothesis

• The theories -- especially the notion that the towers fell in a controlled demolition -- have become widespread enough to prompt official responses.

• The controlled-demolition theory is the sine qua non of the 9/11 movement — its basic claim and, in some sense, the one upon which all others rest.

• This final group points to video evidence which they claim shows puffs of smoke - so-called demoliton squibs - emerging from the Twin Towers at levels far below the aircraft impact zones and prior to the collapses.

• Many believe that the World Trade Center was destroyed on Sept. 11 through controlled demolition set in motion by officials within America's own government and military.

• Finally, many of the leaders of the movement claim that demolition “squibs” can be seen in videos of the WTC collapse just before and during the time the towers began to fall.

• The 9/11 Truth Movement often states or implies that steel would have needed to melt in order for the structure to collapse at the speed of a free-fall.

Military response

• The 9/11 Truth Movement believes that NORAD had the capability of locating and intercepting planes on 9/11, and its failure to do so indicates a government conspiracy to allow the attacks to occur.

Directed energy hypothesis

• Supporters of the directed energy hypothesis keep popping up at 9/11 Truth lectures to heckle what Python fans might call the “splittist” thermite theorists.

• Some Star Wars supporters, in turn, accuse proponents of the thermite hypothesis of being government shills.

Oil

• Also ambient is the ecodoomsday Peak Oil MIHOP, the idea that the “peaking” of petroleum reserves required a false provocation to start an “oil war” in the Middle East.

Israel

• More controversial is Mossad MIHOP: the conjecture that Israeli intelligence (and kowtowing by the U.S. to the “Israel lobby”) played a crucial role, attempting to draw the U.S. into a prolonged struggle with Israel’s enemies.

• Mossad MIHOP easily morphs into Zionist MIHOP or Jewish MIHOP, leading to the charges of anti-Semitism that have dogged the 9/11 Truth movement.

• Yet another myth popular with the Sept. 11 conspiracy theorists is a belief in the involvement of the Israeli government

Single issues

Hijackers

• The truth movement makes much of a 2001 BBC report that a half-dozen of the hijackers were still alive. They mention Waleed al Shehri, a pilot who still flies commercial runs in Morocco. But the BBC retracted that.

Israel

• There's a faction that says the Mossad did it and another that says that's insane, and maybe anti-Semitic.

Dick Cheney

• Former transporation secretary Norman Mineta told the commission he arrived in the presidential operations center -- under the White House -- at 9:20 a.m. on Sept. 11 and found Vice President Cheney. When an aide asked Cheney about the hijacked plane fast approaching the Pentagon, Mineta says the vice president snapped that the "orders still stand." Mineta assumed the orders were to shoot the plane down. Conspiracy theorists interpret this to mean: Don't shoot it down.

Anthrax attacks

• I've spoken to many members of the 9/11 "truth" movement, and aside from the supposed evidence they marshal, their argument against the official story inevitably comes around to plain disbelief.

Public opinion

Opinion polls

• Five years after September 11, more than one-third of Americans believe the US Government was complicit in the attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon.

New York Times/CBS News

• A New York Times/CBS News poll in 2006 revealed that only 16 per cent of Americans polled believed the Bush administration was telling the truth about 9/11. More than half thought it was “hiding something”. This is not the same as believing the government actually launched the attacks, but a Scripps Howard/Ohio University poll the same year found that more than a third of those questioned suspected that federal officials assisted in the attacks or took no action to stop them so that the US could go to war.

• A New York Times/CBS News poll in 2006 found that 53% of those questioned thought the Bush administration was hiding something. Another US poll found a third of those questioned thought government officials either assisted in the 9/11 attacks or allowed them to happen.

• Numerous polls indicate that few Americans now believe they have been told the truth about 9/11. According to one poll conducted recently for the New York Times and CBS News, more than 80% think the administration is either "mostly lying" or at least "hiding something".

Zogby

• The author of one of the most rigorous of the websites that aim to debunk the conspiracy theories, Debunking911.com, notes that the most recent Zogby poll on attitudes towards 9/11 found only 4.6 per cent of Americans believe the Bush administration blew up the Twin Towers.

• Polls show that many Americans distrust the government on the subject of Sept. 11. A Zogby International poll taken in May found that 42% believed the government concealed evidence that contradicts official accounts.

• A poll released last month by Zogby International found that 42 percent of all Americans believe the 9/11 Commission "concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence" in the attacks.

• Meanwhile, according to an astonishing recent Zogby poll, 42 percent of Americans believe that "the US government and its 9/11 Commission concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence that contradicts their official explanation of the September 11th attacks."

• Yet according to a May 2006 Zogby poll, 42 percent of Americans now believe that the U.S. government and the 9/11 commission “concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence that contradicts their official explanation of the September 11th attacks,” and that “there has been a cover-up.”

New York City

• Distrust percolates more strongly near Ground Zero. A Zogby International poll of New York City residents two years ago found 49.3 percent believed the government "consciously failed to act."

• This is in addition to the Zogby poll two years ago that found that 49 percent of New York City residents agreed with the idea that some leaders "knew in advance" that the attacks were planned and failed to act.

• Late in the summer of 2004, as the Republicans in Madison Square Garden extolled George Bush’s staunch protection of the homeland, a Zogby poll asked New Yorkers if they believed that “some of our leaders knew in advance attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and consciously failed to act.”
  Of city residents, 49.3 percent said yes.

• Consider another Zogby poll from August 2004, which found that 63 percent of New Yorkers under 30 believe some U.S. leaders “knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act.”

Scripps Howard / Ohio University

• In a July 2006 Scripps Howard poll, 16 percent of respondents said it was "very likely" that federal officials either assisted in the 9/11 attacks or allowed them to happen to justify war in the Middle East, while a further 20 percent said it was "somewhat likely."

• The "somewhat likely" category is too vague to give much insight, though, says Mark Fenster, a law professor at the University of Florida and an expert on conspiracy theory movements.

• According to a poll by Ohio University and Scripps Howard News Service, 36 percent of Americans believe that government officials "either assisted in the 9/ 11 attacks or took no action to stop the attacks because they wanted the United States to go to war in the Middle East." Twelve percent of Americans believe a cruise missile fired by the U.S. military -- not an American Airlines jet hijacked by Arab terrorists -- slammed into the Pentagon. Sixteen percent of Americans, the survey indicates, believe that "secret explosives" -- not two planes and the resulting damage -- brought down the World Trade Center towers.

• A recent Scripps Howard/Ohio University poll of 1,010 Americans found that 36 percent suspect the U.S. government promoted the attacks or intentionally sat on its hands. Sixteen percent believe explosives brought down the towers. Twelve percent believe a cruise missile hit the Pentagon.

• A Scripps Howard/Ohio University poll taken during the summer indicates that Americans are increasingly suspicious of the government's explanation of the events of 9/11: 36% said it was "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that federal officials either participated in the attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon, or took no action to stop them, "because they wanted the United States to go to war in the Middle East".

• A Scripps Howard-Ohio University poll taken in August found that 36% believed it "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that federal officials allowed the attacks to occur because "they wanted the United States to go to war in the Middle East."

• In a 2006 Scripps Howard poll of 1,010 U.S. citizens, 36% of respondents said it was "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that the U.S. government was in on the 9/11 plot.

• The population of world No. 2 is larger than you might think. A Scripps-Howard poll of 1,010 adults last month found that 36% of Americans consider it "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that government officials either allowed the attacks to be carried out or carried out the attacks themselves. Thirty-six percent adds up to a lot of people. This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality.

• An Ohio University poll found that 36 per cent of Americans believe the US Government was either an active participant or had advance warning of the attacks.

• According to a 2006 Scripps-Howard poll, over a third of Americans believe high-ranking officials either helped commit the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, or at least allowed them to happen. Other polls report even greater levels of cynicism.

Rasmussen Report

• According to a recent Rasmussen Report poll, 35 percent of Democrats think President Bush knew about the 9/11 attacks beforehand.

Canada

• According to another poll conducted in Canada, 39% of respondents said they either disagree, or are unsure, that Al Qaeda was responsible for 9/11.

United Kingdom

• In the UK a survey by the BBC's The Conspiracy Files, carried out by GfkNOP in 2006, found that 16% of those questioned thought there was a "wider conspiracy that included the American government".

Media coverage

• One of the Truthers' biggest complaints is that they are ignored by the mainstream media. You do sometimes see stray mentions of the movement in op-ed columns or on radio programs, but usually it's in the spirit of mockery or passing sarcasm. No major media outlet has done a truly comprehensive profile or investigation of the Truther movement - which is what led me to my book project in the first place.

• Although the 9/11 Truth Movement, as many conspiracy believers refer to their passion, has been largely ignored by the mainstream media, it is flourishing on the Internet.

• C-SPAN repeatedly broadcast a conference that featured [Steven E.] Jones this summer.

• Yet in America, questioners of the government’s official story are often depicted as harmless loonies.

Notable adherents

Adherents and supporters

For Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, see the section The War on Freedom.

Catherine Austin Fitts

• Catherine Austin Fitts served as assistant secretary of housing in the first President Bush's administration and gained a fine reputation as a fraud buster;

For Dylan Avery, see the section Dylan Avery.

For Michael Berger, see the section Michael Berger.

For Kevin Barrett, see the section Scholars for 9/11 Truth.

David Bowman

• David Bowman was chief of advanced space programs under presidents Ford and Carter.

Giulietto Chiesa

• Meanwhile the European Parliament screened the Italian documentary Zero, in which Gore Vidal, Italian playwright Dario Fo, and Italian MEP Giulietto Chiesa blame the US government, not al-Qaeda, for 9/11.

For James Fetzer, see the section James Fetzer.

Yukihisa Fujita

• The following month, Japanese MP Yukihisa Fujita raised his own doubts about the official story at a seminar in Sydney.

For Dario Fo, see the section Zero.

For Blair Gadsby, see the section Karen Johnson.

For Richard Gage, see the section Richard Gage.

For David R. Griffin, see the section David R. Griffin.

For Jim Hoffman, see the section 9-11 Research / 9-11 Review.

Barbara Honegger

• Former Reagan aide Barbara Honegger is a senior military affairs journalist at the Naval Postgraduate School in California. She's convinced, based on her freelance research, that a bomb went off about six minutes before an airplane hit the Pentagon -- or didn't hit it, as some believe the case may be.

For Eric Hufschmid, see the section Painful Questions.

David Icke

• For instance, out on the furthest edges of 9/11 is former soccer player and erstwhile BBC sports commentator David Icke [...]. Though Icke was circulating this high-grade octane way before 9/11, the attacks on the Twin Towers have meshed seamlessly into his paranoid, sci-fi ramblings.

For Phillip Jayhan, see the section LetsRoll911.org.

Karen Johnson

• But last week, state Sen. Karen Johnson, a Republican from Mesa, visited Gadsby and delivered a letter to McCain's office asking him to meet with Gadsby. That garnered coverage in The Republic, as well as a major news radio station and two television stations.

On May 26, 2008 college professor Blair Gadsby began a protest and a hunger strike outside the offices of Senator and Republican Party Nominee for President John McCain's office demanding to see McCain. Arizona Republican State Senator Karen Johnson joined the protest in support. On June 10 Johnson with Gadsby as her guest and other 9/11 Truth movement members in the audience spoke before the Arizona State Senate espousing the controlled demolition theory and supporting a reopening of the 9/11 investigation. In response to a questioner McCain, who wrote the forward to a Popular Mechanics book aimed at debunking the theories, said he did not meet Gadsby "Because I don't take well to threats". (WP article)

Alex Jones

• That night, the first keynote address was delivered by Alex Jones (no relation to Steven), a radio personality from Austin, Tex., who has developed a cult following by railing against the New World Order. He is a bellicose, boyish-looking man with a voice that makes him sound like a cross between a preacher and an announcer at a cage wrestling match.

Alex Jones has made a number of films about perceived historical instances of false flag terrorism and points out similarities between them and the 9/11 attack. He also promotes the view that the US government has used 9/11 to increase domestic control via the Patriot Act, Homeland Security Bill and militarization of police forces. (WP article)

Alex Jones, 9/11 and New World Order conspiracy theorists are the subject of a documentary New World Order directed by Luke Meyer and Andrew Neel that debuted on the Independent Film Channel on May 26, 2009. The documentary while not endorsing the movement is described as the giving the movement "more sympathetic, or less critical, airing than they've yet had (except among the converted)". (WP article)

For Steven E. Jones, see the section Steven E. Jones.

Cynthia McKinney

• More than 40 years later, before the packed pews of the Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles, McKinney is speaking of the American government’s war on its own people.

Michael Meacher

• Two years later, Griffin’s The New Pearl Harbor, with a foreword by British MP Michael Meacher, became a touchstone in the 9/11 Truth movement.

For Thierry Meyssan, see the section 9/11: The Big Lie.

Willie Nelson

• Country music star Willie Nelson is assuredly not French, but a week or so before the Oscars he described as naive the notion that the “implosion” of the Twin Towers was caused by crashing jets.

Rosie O'Donnell

• You know, Michelle, Rosie talks about this stuff all the time on "The View" and "The View" has a large audience. Would this notion be as prevalent as it is if there weren't prominent people like Rosie, Charlie Sheen and others constantly talking it up?

Daniel Orr

• The academic wing is led by Griffin, who founded the Center for a Postmodern World at Claremont University; James Fetzer, a tenured philosopher at the University of Minnesota (Fetzer's an old hand in JFK assassination research); and Daniel Orr, the retired chairman of the economics department at the University of Illinois.

Morgan Reynolds

• Among the advocates of the Star Wars theory is Morgan Reynolds, perhaps the first prominent US government official to claim that 9/11 was an inside job. At the time of the attacks, Reynolds was chief economist at the US Department of Labor.

• Then there's Morgan O. Reynolds, appointed by George W. Bush as chief economist at the Labor Department. He left in 2002 and doesn't think much of his former boss; he describes President Bush as a "dysfunctional creep," not to mention a "possible war criminal."

• But Reynolds, the former Labor Department economist, also is a "no-planer."

For Korey Rowe, see the section Korey Rowe.

For Michael Ruppert, see the section Crossing the Rubicon.

David Shayler

• Some – such as former MI5 whistleblower David Shayler – have even asserted that no planes, but missiles disguised by “cloaking technology”, hit the Twin Towers. Shayler, incidentally, proclaimed himself the Messiah last year.

Charlie Sheen

• You know, Michelle, Rosie talks about this stuff all the time on "The View" and "The View" has a large audience. Would this notion be as prevalent as it is if there weren't prominent people like Rosie, Charlie Sheen and others constantly talking it up?

• The most famous adherent is actor Charlie Sheen, who told a radio interviewer in March: "It seems to me like 19 amateurs with boxcutters taking over four commercial airliners and hitting 75 per cent of their targets raises a lot of questions."

For Webster Tarpley, see the section 9-11 Synthetic Terror.

For Paul Thompson, see the section The Terror Timeline.

Gore Vidal

• Meanwhile the European Parliament screened the Italian documentary Zero, in which Gore Vidal, Italian playwright Dario Fo, and Italian MEP Giulietto Chiesa blame the US government, not al-Qaeda, for 9/11.

Judy Wood

• Fetzer had backed a theory by Judy Wood, a former assistant professor in mechanical engineering at Clemson University, proposing that the Twin Towers were brought down by a “directed energy” weapon developed as part of the US government’s Star Wars programme.

Others

Peter Lance

• Count author Peter Lance, an Emmy-winning former reporter and producer for ABC News, among those who believe in the "9/11 incompetence conspiracy theory". Lance's new book, Triple Cross, tells the amazing story of an al-Qaida superspy named Ali Mohamed. As Lance writes, "In the annals of espionage, few men have moved in and out of the deep black world between the hunters and the hunted with as much audacity as Ali Mohamed."

Curt Weldon

• Slade Gorton, the former Republican senator and commission member, told me that the most serious threat to the commission's work so far came not from conspiracy theorists but from Rep. Curt Weldon, R-Penn., who alleged that the commission ignored information that the classified military program Able Danger had identified Mohammed Atta and other 9/11 plotters before the attacks.

Organizations

Since the publication of the official reports, a number of interconnected 9/11 Truth movement organizations have been formed to research the events of the day, to promote the 9/11 Truth movement and 9/11 conspiracy theories to the general public, and to try and force a new investigation. (WP article)

9/11 Family Steering Committee

The 9/11 Family Steering Committee produced a website summarizing the questions they had raised to the Commission, indicating which they believe had been answered satisfactorily, which they believe had been addressed but not answered satisfactorily, and which they believe had been generally ignored in or omitted from the Report. (WP article)

9/11 CitizensWatch

Main article: 9/11 Citizens Watch

The group was formed in 2002 by John Judge and Kyle Hence and, along with the Family Steering Committee, played an active role in calling for the establishment of the 9/11 Commission, and monitoring the commission closely. (WP article)

Hispanic Victims Group

The Hispanic Victims Group is a group created after the 9/11 attacks and headed by William Rodriguez, who is now an outspoken member of the 9/11 Truth movement. The group was a key force behind the 9/11 Commission, and was among the Families Advisory Council for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. The group helped secure an amnesty for Hispanic illegal immigrants who died in the attacks. (WP article)

September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows

• Colleen Kelly's brother, a salesman, had breakfast at the Windows on the World restaurant on Sept. 11. After he died she founded September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows to oppose the Iraq war.

9/11 Truth

• Mr. [Alex] Jones set forth the central tenets of 9/11 Truth: that the military command that monitors aircraft "stood down" on the day of the attacks; that President Bush addressed children in a Florida classroom instead of being whisked off to the White House; that the hijackers, despite what the authorities say, were trained at American military bases; and that the towers did not collapse because of burning fuel and weakened steel but because of a "controlled demolition" caused by pre-set bombs.

• According to the group's Web site, the motive for faking a terrorist attack was to allow the administration "to instantly implement policies its members have long supported, but which were otherwise infeasible."

• 911truth.org, one of the most visible organizations within a larger coalition known as the “9/11 Truth Movement,”

• But as these materials show, 911truth.org does not believe the official story that the primary damage to the WTC occurred when two airplanes hijacked by terrorists crashed into the towers. Rather, they maintain that the towers fell due to a controlled demolition, planned in advance by the United States government.

This organization was launched in June 2004 and has become the central portal for all the 9/11 Truth movement organizations. It is run by Janice Matthews (Executive Director), David Kubiak(International Campaign Advisor) and Mike Berger (Media Coordinator), among others, and its advisory board includes Steven Jones, Barrie Zwicker and Faiz Khan. (WP article)

The organization co-sponsored the Zogby Polls that have shown an increasing number of people believing the government has covered-up the real story of 9/11. A few of its sister and spin-off organizations include the 9/11 Visibility Project and Justice For 9/11. It also organizes gatherings and events, promotes "scholarly" research, warns about the discrediting effect of extreme alternative theories, and attempts to affect mainstream media coverage. (WP article)

Michael Berger

• "We feel at this point we've done a lot of solid research, but the American public still is not informed," said Michael Berger, press director for 911Truth.org, which sponsored the event.

Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth

Main article: Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth

• First up was Richard Gage, a San Francisco architect who founded Architects, Engineers & Scientists for 9/11 Truth

• His group, Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth, even scored a booth at the upcoming American Institute of Architects conference from April 30 to May 2.

Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth is an organization of architectural and engineering professionals who advocate September 11 conspiracy theories and are calling a new investigation into the cause of the destruction of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The group is collecting signatures for a petition to the United States Congress that demands "a truly independent investigation with subpoena power" of the September 11 attacks, and in particular "a full inquiry into the possible use of explosives that might have been the actual cause of the destruction" of the World Trade Center buildings. Richard Gage, a San Francisco Bay area based architect, founded Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth in 2006. (WP article)

Investigations by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) have concluded that the buildings collapsed as a result of the impacts of the planes and of the fires that resulted from them. Gage critizised the government agency NIST for not having investigated the complete sequence of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers and claims that "the official explanation of the total destruction of the World Trade Center skyscrapers has explicitly failed to address the massive evidence for explosive demolition." To support its position, the group Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth points to the "free fall" pace of the collapse of the buildings, the "lateral ejection of steel", and to the "mid-air pulverization of concrete". (WP article)

Richard Gage

• Three years ago, Richard Gage says, he was just a run-of-the mill architect, designing steel-frame buildings for clients in the San Francisco area. In March, 2006, that changed: While flipping through stations on his car radio, he caught an interview with David Ray Griffin, a retired philosophy and religion professor who calls the official account of the 9/11 attacks "one big lie."

• What makes Gage stand out from the millions of students and young activists who comprise the bulk of the Truther community is that he is an architect - and a respectable-looking middle-aged one at that, complete with suit and tie, and receding hairline.

• Not Gage: His singular focus - laboriously examined in a 527-slide PowerPoint presentation - is the sequence of events leading to the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings.

Pilots for 9/11 Truth

• Retired US Air Force captain Russ Wittenberg from Pilots for 9/11 Truth asserted that no inexperienced pilot could have performed the manoeuvre the 9/11 Commission concluded that al-Qaeda conspirator Hani Hanjour pulled off that morning

Scholars for 9/11 Truth / Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice

• His [Steven Jones'] paper — written by an actual professor who works at an actual research university — has made him a celebrity in the conspiracy universe. He is now co-chairman of a group called the Scholars for 9/11 Truth, which includes about 50 professors — more in the humanities than in the sciences — from institutions like Clemson University, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Wisconsin.

While Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice states that they advocate the use of the scientific method and civil research activities over public debate, Jim Fetzer's group, Scholars for 9/11 Truth, has said that the scientific method is unnecessary and that any imaginable theory is worthy of advocating to the public. For example, reporting on a conference involving Fetzer's group, a Madison Times article stated: "By Sunday the conference had covered weather control, weapons from space, and the idea that the planes that struck the towers never existed at all." (WP article)

Scholars for 9/11 Truth

• Scholars for 9/11 Truth: Started by James Fetzer, the group advocates looking at all possible explanations of what happened on September 11, no matter how improbable.

• Agreeing with [Jim] Marrs is Scholars for 9/11 Truth, an organization that believes the U.S. government "permitted 9/11 to occur." Among the group's members are Paul W. Rea, a humanities lecturer at St. Mary's College in Moraga; Tracy Belvins, a research scientist in bioengineering at Rice University; Kevin Barrett, a lecturer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison whose Sept. 11 views caused national controversy in July and prompted some lawmakers to insist he shouldn't be teaching at the university; and Stephen LeRoy, an economics professor at UC Santa Barbara who has been a visiting economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

• As the fifth anniversary approached, the 9/11 Scholars for Truth is urging Congress to reopen the investigation claiming they have amassed a wealth of scientific evidence to prove their version of the terror attacks.

The original 'Scholars for 9/11 Truth', founded by Dr. James H. Fetzer and Dr. Steven Jones on December 15, 2005, was a group of individuals of varying backgrounds and expertise who rejected the mainstream media and government account of the September 11, 2001 attacks. (WP article)

Initially the group invited many ideas and hypotheses to be considered, however, leading members soon came to feel that the inclusion of some theories advocated by Fetzer—such as the use of directed energy weapons or small nuclear bombs to destroy the Twin Towers—were insufficiently supported by evidence and were exposing the group to ridicule. By December 2006, Dr. Steven Jones and several others set up a new scholars group titled Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice, whose focus was in the use of the scientific method in analysis. The original members took a vote on which group to join and the majority voted to move to the new group. By 2007, James Fetzer had been openly rejected by the 9/11 Truth Movement, banned from and criticized on popular forums and no longer invited to public 9/11 events. (WP article)

Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice

• Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice: The more moderate splinter group of Scholars for 9/11 Truth, led by Steven Jones. Endorses an “evidence-based approach” to questioning the 9/11 story.

Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice formed in January 2007 and is "a group of scholars and supporters endeavoring to address the unanswered questions of the September 11, 2001 attack" with a focus on scientific research. The group is composed of more than 700 members, including Richard Gage, Steven E. Jones, Jim Hoffman, David Ray Griffin, Peter Phillips, former Congressman Daniel Hamburg, and Kevin Ryan. Most members support the theory that the the World Trade Center Towers were destroyed through explosive demolition. (WP article)

In 2008 and 2009, several Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice members published essays in science and engineering journals. In April 2008, a letter by members Steven E. Jones, Frank Legge, Kevin Ryan, Anthony Szamboti and James Gourley, was published in The Open Civil Engineering Journal. In July 2008, an article by Ryan, Gourley and Jones was published in the Environmentalist. In October 2008, an essay describing what the author considers fundamental errors in a Bažant and Verdure paper was published in the Journal of Engineering Mechanics by member James R. Gourley. And in April 2009, as reported by major Danish newspapers, Danish chemist and STJ member Niels H. Harrit, of the University of Copenhagen, and eight other authors, some also STJ members, published a paper in The Open Chemical Physics Journal, titled, 'Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe'. The paper concludes that chips consisting of unreacted and partially reacted super-thermite are present in the samples of the dust. (WP article)

Accordingly, in April 2007, some 9/11 victims' family members and some members of the new Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice submitted an additional request for correction to NIST, containing their own views on the defects in the report. NIST responded to this request in September 2007 supporting their original conclusions; the originators of the request wrote back to them in October 2007, asking them to reconsider their response. (WP article)

James Fetzer

• In 2005, Steven Jones was invited to form a group called Scholars for 9/11 Truth by James Fetzer, a professor in the philosophy department at the University of Minnesota and the author of some 20 books on the philosophy of science and artificial intelligence.

• The academic wing is led by Griffin, who founded the Center for a Postmodern World at Claremont University; James Fetzer, a tenured philosopher at the University of Minnesota (Fetzer's an old hand in JFK assassination research); and Daniel Orr, the retired chairman of the economics department at the University of Illinois.

• James H. Fetzer, the co-chairman of Scholars for 9/11 Truth, retired last month from his post as a distinguished McKnight university professor of philosophy at the University of Minnesota at Duluth.

David R. Griffin

• Jones is typical of many 9/11 researchers in that the subject has taken over his professional life. Down the coast in Santa Barbara is another of the movement’s luminaries. On the beach at Isla Vista, one of the most expensive real-estate spots in the US, lives David Ray Griffin, a former theology professor.

• It was a year before David Ray Griffin, an eminent liberal theologian and philosopher, began his stroll down the path of disbelief.

• The academic wing is led by Griffin, who founded the Center for a Postmodern World at Claremont University; James Fetzer, a tenured philosopher at the University of Minnesota (Fetzer's an old hand in JFK assassination research); and Daniel Orr, the retired chairman of the economics department at the University of Illinois.

• "For a while there, people who wanted to dismiss us could say, 'Well, it's just a bunch of crazies on the Internet,'" says David Ray Griffin, a well-known theologian and philosopher and a prominent member of Scholars for 9/11 Truth. "The very existence of the organization has added credibility," he said.

• By many accounts, scholarly contributions to the movement began with Mr. Griffin, who retired from the Claremont School of Theology in 2004. About a year and a half after September 11, Mr. Griffin began reading books and Web sites arguing that the U.S. government was complicit in the attacks. Eventually, they won him over.

Steven E. Jones

• Then he welcomed on to the stage the star of the evening, Steven Jones. A softly spoken physicist, Jones is the movement’s designated martyr and seems to promise what the truthers so desperately need: scientific credibility.

• The movement's de facto minister of engineering is Steven Jones, a tenured physics professor at Brigham Young University, who's studied vectors and velocities and tested explosives and concluded that the collapse of the twin towers is best explained as controlled demolition, sped by a thousand pounds of high-grade thermite.

• Last week, Brigham Young University announced that physics professor Steven E. Jones, co-chairman of the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth, would be put on indefinite leave while authorities investigated his claims that the buildings were intentionally demolished using explosives.

• The movement's answer to that report was written by Steven E. Jones, a professor of physics at Brigham Young University and the movement's expert in the matter of collapse. Dr. Jones, unlike Alex Jones, is a soft-spoken man who lets his writing do the talking. He composed an account of the destruction of the towers (www.physics.byu.edu/research/energy/htm7.html) that holds that "pre-positioned cutter-charges" brought the buildings down.

• a soft-spoken physicist from Brigham Young University named Steven E. Jones, a devout Mormon and, until recently, a faithful supporter of George W. Bush

• His [Steven Jones'] paper — written by an actual professor who works at an actual research university — has made him a celebrity in the conspiracy universe. He is now co-chairman of a group called the Scholars for 9/11 Truth [...].

• The 57-year-old professor, who has a long history of research in the controversial field of cold fusion

• Steven Jones's contribution to the September 11 conspiracy movement is that he avoids these problems [typical of conspiracy theories] — or at least holds them at bay — by just talking about physics.

• Mr. Jones is petitioning Congress to release the raw data that went into the National Institute of Standards and Technology report. "If they just give us the data," he says, "we'll take it from there."

• In recent weeks, after becoming the co-chairman of the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth, Jones seemed willing to go further, implicating unnamed government groups but not President Bush. [Sep. 2006]

Steven E. Jones, who became a leading academic voice of the demolition theory In 2006, he published the paper "Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?". was placed on paid leave by Brigham Young University following what they described as Jones's "increasingly speculative and accusatory" statements in September, 2006, pending a review of his statements and research. Six weeks later, Jones retired from the university. (WP article)

Kevin Barrett

Also in 2006, in the U.S. Midwest, 61 legislators signed a petition calling for the dismissal of a University of Wisconsin assistant professor, Kevin Barrett, after he joined the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth. Citing academic freedom, the university provost declined to take action against Barrett. (WP article)

We Are Change

The organization staged a protest march at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. The group filmed protests in an effort to catch illegal action by protesters or police. (WP article)

Media

General

• There's a Journal of 9/11 Studies, documentaries, CDs and DVDs. Is conspiracy thought getting codified?

Publications

• Two weeks ago he [Steven E. Jones] published his theory in a paper called, "Why Indeed did the World Trade Center Buildings Collapse?" In it, the professor says the towers fell not because of planes hitting them, but because of pre-positioned demolition charges.

• Jones became a celebrity among 9/11 conspiracy-theory groups after he wrote a paper titled "Why Indeed Did the World Trade Center Buildings Collapse?" The paper was published two weeks ago in the book "9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out" and lays out Jones' hypothesis that the three towers fell because of pre-positioned demolition charges — not because of the planes that hit two of the towers.

Journals

Journal of 9/11 Studies

• There's a Journal of 9/11 Studies, documentaries, CDs and DVDs. Is conspiracy thought getting codified?

• A modified version of [Steven E. ] Jones' paper ["Why Indeed Did the World Trade Center Buildings Collapse?"] was scheduled to be published this week in the online Journal of 9/11 Studies. Jones is a co-editor of the journal.

Books

The War on Freedom

• In 2002, Italy awarded its highest literary prize, the Naples Prize, to The War on Freedom: How and Why America Was Attacked, September 11, 2001, a book by British writer Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed that claims the U.S. government was complicit in the attacks.

The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions

In addition, the 339-page book The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions by David Ray Griffin, claimed that the report had either omitted information or distorted the truth, providing 115 examples. He summarizes his book in the article The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-page lie, claiming that "the entire Report is constructed in support of one big lie: that the official story about 9/11 is true." (WP article)

The New Pearl Harbor

• Two years later, Griffin’s The New Pearl Harbor, with a foreword by British MP Michael Meacher, became a touchstone in the 9/11 Truth movement.

• Griffin's book, "The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11," never reviewed in a major U.S. newspaper, sold more than 100,000 copies and became a movement founding stone.

• So Mr. Griffin wrote his own book, trading on his authority as an academic. He called it The New Pearl Harbor. It was mostly just a synthesis of all the material he had read, tidied up by a philosopher's rhetorical skills.

• When it was finished, he aggressively pursued blurbs for the book jacket — and eventually scored one from Howard Zinn, the radical professor emeritus of political science at Boston University. Mr. Zinn said the book was "the most persuasive argument I have seen for further investigation on the Bush administration's relationship to that historic and troubling event."

• It went on to become one of the most successful books on the purported conspiracy.

• The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11, by David Ray Griffin, a professor at the Claremont School of Theology, in California, has become the leading book on 9/11 conspiracy theories in this country, selling more than 100,000 copies and popularizing among 9/11 Truth activists the expressions “MIHOP” and “LIHOP”—for the government “made it happen on purpose” or “let it happen on purpose.”

The New Pearl Harbor Revisited

His [David Ray Griffin's] most recent work, The New Pearl Harbor Revisited: 9/11, the cover-up, and the exposé (2008), was written to update his original book, The New Pearl Harbor, reflecting information and insights from five major developments that have occurred since his original publication. (WP article)

9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out

• Jones became a celebrity among 9/11 conspiracy-theory groups after he wrote a paper titled "Why Indeed Did the World Trade Center Buildings Collapse?" The paper was published two weeks ago in the book "9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out" and lays out Jones' hypothesis that the three towers fell because of pre-positioned demolition charges — not because of the planes that hit two of the towers.

The Appalling Fraud

• Literature lovers in that country pushed Thierry Meyssan’s L’Effroyable imposture (The Appalling Fraud) – which asserts that 9/11 was a government plot to justify invading Iraq and Afghanistan and increase military spending – to the top of the bestseller list in 2002.

9-11 Synthetic Terror

• The most august of the pack are retired theology professor David Ray Griffin, author of Debunking 9/11 Debunking, and Webster Tarpley, author of 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA.

Webster Tarpley's Synthetic Terror: Made in USA (2005) described a link between 9/11 and previous accusations of false flag state-sponsored terrorism such as Gladio or the Red Brigades. (WP article)

9/11: The Big Lie

• A book called 9/11: The Big Lie that claims the Pentagon was hit by a cruise missile, not a plane, has sold 200,000 copies and been translated in 20 languages.

• Thierry Meyssan was the first to claim that it was not Flight 77 – an American Airlines 757 carrying 64 passengers – but a cruise missile that hit the west wall of the Pentagon at 9.37am on September 11.

• Literature lovers in that country pushed Thierry Meyssan’s L’Effroyable imposture – which asserts that 9/11 was a government plot to justify invading Iraq and Afghanistan and increase military spending – to the top of the bestseller list in 2002.

• The most infamous conspiracy theorist of them all is Thierry Meyssan. His book "The Big Lie" was a bestseller in Europe and lays out a conspiracy theory which challenges the official version of the September 11th attack on the Pentagon.

Painful Questions

• Jew-baiter Eric Hufschmid has been with the movement since the beginning, writing one of the first conspiracy books on the market, Painful Questions.

The Terror Timeline

• Paul Thompson, whose 9/11 timeline has become the undisputed gold standard of Truth research, does all his work on the Net.

In September 2004, the interactive "Complete 9/11 Timeline" website by Paul Thompson, which is a collection of mainstream media reports presented chronologically, was made into the book The Terror Timeline. (WP article)

Crossing the Rubicon

Michael Ruppert's Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil (October 2004) identified potential key insider suspects in the 9/11 attacks and provide an examination of their context: petroleum, geopolitics, narco-traffic, intelligence and militarism. (WP article)

Other books

Among others, Michael Ruppert and Canadian journalist Barrie Zwicker, published criticisms or pointed out purported anomalies of the mainstream account of the attacks. French author Jean-Charles Brisard and German authors Mathias Bröckers and Andreas von Bülow published books critical of media reporting and advancing the controlled demolition thesis of the destruction of the World Trade Center towers. (WP article)

Films

Popular films made by the 9/11 Truth movement include: Loose Change:Final Cut (2007) by Korey Rowe, Martial Law 9/11: Rise of the Police State (2005) by Alex Jones, 911 Mysteries: Demolitions (2006), The Great Conspiracy: The 9/11 News Special You Never Saw (2004) by Barrie Zwicker, and 9/11: Blueprint for Truth (2007) and updated 2008 Edition (2008) by Richard Gage. (WP article)

These documentaries present a range of alternate theories about how the attacks might have been carried out. In some cases, these theories have been rejected by other movement members In this case most objections raised against the movie were taken into consideration while creating the "Final Cut" version. (WP article)

Loose Change

• Griffin was a script consultant on Loose Change Final Cut, part of the internet phenomenon that set off the current explosion of low-budget 9/11 DVDs.

• One of the most popular conspiracy videos online is Loose Change, a 90-min. blizzard of statistics, photographs, documents, eyewitness accounts and expert testimony set to a trippy hip-hop backbeat.

• the most watched documentary promoting the conspiracy theories, Loose Change, which has been viewed by millions of people on Youtube

• Loose Change began its life as a film about a fictional government conspiracy, but director Dylan Avery says his research led him to realise that there really was a conspiracy and he decided to scrap the film and make a documentary instead.

• By all accounts, Loose Change continues to be an Internet sensation, with more than 10 million downloads worldwide, spawning a cottage industry of copycat 9/11 deniers

• Since it appeared on the Web in April 2005, the 80-minute film has been climbing up and down Google Video’s “Top 100,” rising to No. 1 this May, with at least 10 million viewings.

Television broadcasts

• When Virgin Atlantic announced that it'd inked a deal with the Loose Change boys to show the sham documentary on flights, SLC, along with other commentators, raised hell, and the plan was nixed. Along the same lines, when Irish public TV was planning to air Loose Change, Curley [of Screw Loose Change] enlisted the aide of like-minded Emerald Isle bloggers, and soon the airing was axed.

• "Those were real victories for us," says Curley, first smiling, then dour. "Unfortunately, we weren't successful in keeping it off Australian TV."

Dylan Avery

• Rowe and his collaborator, Dylan Avery, 22, actually started writing Loose Change as a fictional screenplay--"loosely based around us discovering that 9/11 was an inside job," Rowe says--before they became convinced that the evidence of conspiracy was overwhelming.

• I challenge a 9/11 Truth leader like Loose Change writer Dylan Avery to come up with a detailed, complete summary of the alleged plot

Korey Rowe

• "The goal of the movie was just really to get out there and show that there are alternate stories to what the mainstream media and the government will tell you," says Korey Rowe, 23, who produced the movie.

• More recently, Korey Rowe, one of the three Oneonta, New York, twentysomethings behind Loose Change, awarded SLC a sort of reverse endorsement after he was arrested for his alleged 2005 desertion from the U.S. Army.

Zero

• Meanwhile the European Parliament screened the Italian documentary Zero, in which Gore Vidal, Italian playwright Dario Fo, and Italian MEP Giulietto Chiesa blame the US government, not al-Qaeda, for 9/11.

9/11 Press for Truth

9/11 Press for Truth (2006) documents the struggle by the Jersey Widows to open a full investigation of the events, and their frustration while monitoring the 9/11 Commission as part of the Family Steering Committee. The film, partly based on The Terror Timeline by Paul Thompson, also looks at warnings received by the US government prior to September 11 and instances during the US invasion of Afghanistan where Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda managed to escape from US forces and flee into Pakistan. (WP article)

In Plane Site

• Documentaries such as In Plane Site and Loose Change have become sensations on college campuses across the US with their claims that virtually nothing about September 11 is what it seems.

The Reflecting Pool

• The 9/11 truth movement might believe it has found its "JFK" in "The Reflecting Pool," despite the cold, hard fact that the latter pic is criminally pedantic when not dramatically absurd.

9/11 Mysteries

• And [Eric] Hufschmid is regularly quoted in troofer documentaries, such as in the wildly popular 9/11 Mysteries by somebody who goes by the name "Sofia."

Internet Sites

• Type "9/11 conspiracy" into Google and you'll be hit with almost 1 million links to sites such as 911truth.org and letsroll911.org that claim the "official" version of what happened that day is a sham.

Patriots Question 9/11

• One site - the reassuringly-named Patriots Question 9/11 - now lists Binoche among a host of film world September 11 conspiracy theorists, the others either familiarly counter-cultural (Woody Harrelson) or else those not known for their intellectual capability (Charlie Sheen).

9-11 Research / 9-11 Review

• Jim Hoffman, a 49-year-old software engineer in Alameda, Calif., and one of the most diligent 9/11 researchers in the movement. Hoffman, who runs 9-11 Research and 9-11 Review, two enormous troves of attack-related documentation and analysis

LetsRoll911.org

• While at the conference, I also discussed the government's possible motive with Phillip Jayhan, a businessman who runs LetsRoll911.org, a prominent 9/11 skeptic site.

Reactions

U.S. Government

• The theories -- especially the notion that the towers fell in a controlled demolition -- have become widespread enough to prompt official responses.

• Slow to react, government officials and politicians are finally waking up to the danger of uncontested conspiracy theories

• Recent rebuttals to the demolition theory have been released by the State Department and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which published a 10,000-page report on the towers' collapse.

President G.W. Bush

• One of the first American officials to publicly acknowledge conspiracy theories in connection with 9/11 was President George Bush, who on November 10, 2001, in a speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations, said, “Let us never tolerate outrageous conspiracy theories concerning the attacks of September 11.”

State Department

• In 2005 the State Department responded by posting some “clues” to “identifying misinformation” on their Web site.

• The State Department put out a series of detailed reports directly addressing various Sept. 11 conspiracy theories.

9/11 Commission

• The members of the official 9/11 commission have kept their distance after deciding jointly that responding to the frequent E-mails from conspiracy theorists would only give them undeserved credibility.

Jamie Gorelick

• "I have a tremendous amount of confidence that the basic thrust of our story ... will hold up to historians," says Jamie Gorelick, a commission member.

• "I think it's fair to say that our assumption going in was not that the World Trade Center was blown up by our own government," she (Jamie Gorelick) said, "but had the facts led us there we would not have hesitated to go there. And we ourselves blew up lots of myths -- for example, that the 19 hijackers were undetectable, or that there was a relationship between 9/11 and Saddam."

Bob Kerrey

• "I think the basic facts here indicate that these attacks occurred as a consequence of a conspiracy," Bob Kerrey, the former Democratic senator from Nebraska who was a member of the commission, told me. "Unlike the Kennedy assassination, we're not asking, 'Was there a conspiracy?' In the case of the attack on the United States you begin with the presumption that there was a conspiracy. The 'conspiracy theorists' are presenting an alternative conspiracy."

• "There are ample reasons to suspect that there may be some alternative to what we outlined in our version," Kerrey said. The commission had limited time and limited resources to pursue its investigation, and its access to key documents and witnesses was fettered by the administration.

NIST

• “We don’t want to get into a debate,” Neuman said. “Certainly people are entitled to their opinion … [but] we’re staying away from debates with these groups.”

• For what it's worth, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has published a fact sheet responding to some of the conspiracy theorists' ideas on its website, www.nist.gov.

• "It's a non-issue," says Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder, a lead investigator for the National Institute of Standards and Technology's study of the collapses.

FEMA

• But Jonathan Barnett, professor of fire protection engineering at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts, calls such claims "bad science". Barnett was a member of the World Trade Centre Building Performance Study, one of the government groups that investigated the towers' collapse.

PBS

• It's not as if there's a shortage of sources debunking Sept. 11 conspiracy theories. PBS aired programs that examined both the building of the World Trade Center and its collapse.

Debunkers

• With the publicity also came the "debunkers", challenging the "truthers" at every stage.

• Allied against them is a smaller group of rival bloggers who have taken it upon themselves to debunk what they claim are dangerous conspiracy theories.

• Mark Fenster, a University of Florida law professor and author of Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. “But whereas then it was a generalised, amorphous kind of response, the amount of organisation – politically and through alternative media – is far more striking now than it was back then.” [...] The author of one of the most rigorous of the websites that aim to debunk the conspiracy theories, Debunking911.com [...]

• While there are a handful of Web sites that seek to debunk the claims of Mr. Jones and others in the movement, most mainstream scientists, in fact, have not seen fit to engage them.

• And the "truthers" have fought back. When the US technology magazine Popular Mechanics launched a book called Debunking 9/11 Myths, it was countered with a book by David Ray Griffin called Debunking 9/11 Debunking.

Popular Mechanics

• Popular Mechanics, who have debunked the theories surrounding the attacks, argue that conspiracy theories 'share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons'.

• An exhaustive investigation by Popular Science [?] stripped back each conspiracy to its core set of facts then used science and logic to reveal the truth behind the myth.

• Some of Gadsby's theories, and those of the 9/11 Truth Movement, were looked into by Popular Mechanics in a 2005 article and a subsequent book. The magazine found that the theories had no merit and called them "poisonous."

Skeptic

• Joining a chorus of mainstream publications including SKEPTIC and taking the central claims head on, the PM [Popular Mechanics] article became a prime mover for the 9/11 denier movement's undoing.

• Author and Skeptic magazine publisher Michael Shermer also touched on the matter in an article for Scientific American.

Debunking 9/11 Myths

• A new book, Debunking 9/11 Myths, details the magazine's findings.

• On the cover [of Debunking 9/11 Myths], where McCain's name is mentioned as writing the forward, Gadsby had written a note theorizing that McCain was either lying or was lied to. He said he respects McCain, so he was clinging to the notion that the state's senior senator was lied to.

• Rebuttals have emerged to explain some of the biggest question marks. Last month, Popular Mechanics magazine published a full-length book, "Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts," which refuted 20 claims widely held by conspiracy theorists.

David Corn

• David Corn, a Washington Correspondent for the political weekly, "The Nation" has challenged some of these conspiracy theories in print.

The 9/11 Conspiracies

• Or just tune in Monday, August 20 as The History Channel takes on the troofers with a new doc, The 9/11 Conspiracies.

Screw Loose Change

• The film has inspired a critical response, "Screw Loose Change," which repackages Avery's film with rebuttals interspersed.

• Initially conceived as a rebuttal to the popular Internet documentary Loose Change, which, after its release in April 2005, helped disseminate these paranoid conspiracy fantasies to their largest audience yet, Screw Loose Change has since become the way station for everyone who is seeking sanity when faced with the wild distortions, half-truths, and outright lies of the 9/11 truth movement.

• No longer a straight debunking site, SLC has evolved into an up-to-the-minute news and information portal focused on critical reporting on the 9/11 truth movement, with humor, irreverence, and a general disdain for troofers.

Internet sites

• Drawing on the freely available technical information from the NIST, FEMA, and academic journals which most colleges let their students access for free, skeptical sites like ScrewLooseChange.blogspot.com and debunking911.com are able to defuse 9/11 denier claims as they arise.

• 911myths.com, a Web site run by a software developer in England, is one of the few venues that offers a running scrutiny of the various claims and arguments coming out of the 9/11 Truth movement. Mr. Fetzer has heard of 911myths .com, but he has never visited the site.

Detractors

• troofers (as 9/11 conspiracy believers are called by their detractors)

• Their iconoclastic positions have drawn wrath from rightwing radio shows and caused upheaval on campuses, triggering letters to newspapers, phone calls from parents and TV cameras in lecture halls.

Michelle Malkin

• I [Michelle Malkin] talked about this in my book, "Unhinged," of tinfoil hat wearers who indulge in this kind of fantasy where America bears the blame for global jihad.

• Fox News talking head Michelle Malkin has called SLC "the single best clearinghouse on the Net for fighting the tinfoil-hat brigade." Malkin's blog also verbally decapitates 9/11 nutters.

Matt Taibbi

• Reporting for Rolling Stone, Taibbi goes undercover as a born-again Christian to investigate John Hagee's apocalyptic mega-church. He also documents his contentious experiences with members of the 9/11 Truth Movement, whose conspiracy theories he portrays as leftist parallels to the delusional beliefs of the religious right. Taibbi sees Americans on both sides of the political spectrum reverting to a new tribalism that makes communication and mutual understanding near impossible. In a book that is as darkly funny as it is depressing, Taibbi assails every aspect of modern-day America.

Mystery of the Urinal Deuce

• Griffin — who's reminiscent of South Park's Mr. Mackey in the show's outrageous 9/11 conspiracy lampoon "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce" — currently has the hottest 9/11 book on the market.

Politicians

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

• The theories have even become part of international politics, with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad hinting that the Bush Administration was involved in 9/11.

John McCain

• "They ignore the methods of science, the protocols of investigation and the dictates of logic," said US Senator John McCain. "The 9/11 conspiracy movement exploits the public's anger and sadness, shakes Americans' faith in their Government at a time when that faith is already near an all time low."

• On the cover [of Debunking 9/11 Myths], where McCain's name is mentioned as writing the forward, Gadsby had written a note theorizing that McCain was either lying or was lied to. He said he respects McCain, so he was clinging to the notion that the state's senior senator was lied to.

Commentators and Experts

Scientists

• While there are a handful of Web sites that seek to debunk the claims of Mr. Jones and others in the movement, most mainstream scientists, in fact, have not seen fit to engage them.

Engineering

• Scientific journals have consistently rejected these hypotheses.

• Ross B. Corotis, a professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a member of the editorial board at the journal Structural Safety, says that most engineers are pretty settled on what happened at the World Trade Center. "There's not really disagreement as to what happened for 99 percent of the details," he says.

Zdenek Bazant

• "There's nothing to debunk," says Zdenek P. Bazant, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Northwestern University and the author of the first peer-reviewed paper on the World Trade Center collapses.

Thomas W. Eagar

• Let's move on to Eager [sic] of MIT. "Demolition experts say, 'Ohhh, it's all science and timing.' Bull!" Eager says. "What's the technique? If 200,000 tons gives way, where do you think it's going? Straight down."

• Thomas W. Eagar is one scientist who has paid some attention to the demolition hypothesis — albeit grudgingly. A materials engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mr. Eagar wrote one of the early papers on the buildings' collapses, which later became the basis for a documentary on PBS.

Psychological

• There are psychological explanations for why conspiracy theories are so seductive. Academics who study them argue that they meet a basic human need: to have the magnitude of any given effect be balanced by the magnitude of the cause behind it. A world in which tiny causes can have huge consequences feels scary and unreliable. Therefore a grand disaster like Sept. 11 needs a grand conspiracy behind it.
• Popular Mechanics, who have debunked the theories surrounding the attacks, argue that conspiracy theories 'share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons'.
• The conspiracy theories have been able to gather a strong following because they explain elements of the story that the official account is unable to explain easily to a lay person.

Sociological

Christopher Farrell

• "Culturally, as a society, it becomes unhealthy," said Christopher Farrell of the conservative think tank Judicial Watch, which successfully filed suit against the government seeking the release of a video showing American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon. The think tank was hoping to put to rest beliefs that the explosion was caused by a missile.

Political

• it gives supporters of Bush an excuse to dismiss critics of this administration.

Other

• Given the many mistakes and apparent government deception obvious from even a cursory examination of the Ali Mohamed case, along with related miscues involving the CIA (see The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright, and State of Denial by Bob Woodward), the National Security Agency, the Defence Intelligence Agency, and high officials at Special Operations Command, Central Command, and yes, the White House, it's no wonder that conspiracists see evidence - if not outright proof - for their "loose change" theories of what happened on 9/11.

Chip Berlet

• Chip Berlet, senior analyst at Political Research Associates, a Boston-based left-leaning think tank, is no fan of the 9/11 Commission. He believes a serious investigation should have led to indictments and the firing of incompetent generals and civilian officials.