Phagolysosome
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A phagolysosome -or endolysosome is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs after phagocytosis.
The lysosome, containing hydrolytic enzymes digests the ingested particles in the phagosome when the phagosome migrates to the cytoplasm during phagocytosis. Membrane fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is regulated by Rab 5 protein.[1]This G Protein allows the exchange of material between these two organelles but prevents complete fusion of their membranes.[1]Formation of phagolysosomes are essential for the intracellular destruction of microorganisms and pathogens and requires an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration.[2] Research studies show that phagolysosomes may contain more carbon sources and nutrients than other organelles in the endo-lysosomal pathway.[3]
When the membranes of the phagosome and lysosome 'collide',the lysosomal contents are discharged in an explosive manner and toxic molecules are released into the phagosome.Products of the digestion are either moved into the cytoplasm (useful materials) or exported by exocytosis.
Function and Structure
editPhagolysosomes function by reducing the pH of their internal environment thus making them acidic.This serves as a defense mechanism against microbes and other harmful parasites and also provides a suitable medium for degradative enzyme activity[4].
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- ^ a b Duclos, S.; Diez, R.; Garin, J.; Papadopoulou, B.; Descoteaux, A.; Stenmark, H.; Desjardins, M. (2000-10-01). "Rab5 regulates the kiss and run fusion between phagosomes and endosomes and the acquisition of phagosome leishmanicidal properties in RAW 264.7 macrophages". Journal of Cell Science. 113 (19): 3531–3541. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 10984443.
- ^ Zimmerli, S.; Majeed, M.; Gustavsson, M.; Stendahl, O.; Sanan, D. A.; Ernst, J. D. (1996-01-01). "Phagosome-lysosome fusion is a calcium-independent event in macrophages". The Journal of Cell Biology. 132 (1–2): 49–61. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2120694. PMID 8567729.
- ^ McConville, Malcolm J.; Saunders, Eleanor C.; Kloehn, Joachim; Dagley, Michael J. (2015-10-01). "Leishmania carbon metabolism in the macrophage phagolysosome- feast or famine?". F1000Research. 4 (F1000 Faculty Rev). doi:10.12688/f1000research.6724.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4648189. PMID 26594352.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Levitz, Stuart M.; Nong, Shu-Hua; Seetoo, Kurt F.; Harrison, Thomas S.; Speizer, Robert A.; Simons, Elizabeth R. (1999-02-01). "Cryptococcus neoformans Resides in an Acidic Phagolysosome of Human Macrophages". Infection and Immunity. 67 (2): 885–890. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 96400. PMID 9916104.