Terminology[edit]
editThe dark web has often been confused with the deep web, the parts of the web not indexed (searchable) by search engines. The term Dark Web first emerged in 2009, however, it is unknown when the actual dark web first emerged.[1] Many internet users only use the surface web, data that can be accessed by a typical Google browser.[2] The dark web forms a small part of the deep web, but requires custom software in order to access its content.
The Dark Web, also known as Darknet websites, are accessible only through networks such as Tor ("The Onion Routing" project) that are created specifically for the Dark Web.[2] Tor browser and Tor-accessible sites are widely used among the darknet users and can be identified by the domain ".onion". Tor browsers create encrypted entry points and pathways for the user, allowing their Dark Web searches and actions to be anonymous.[2]
Identities and locations of darknet users stay anonymous and cannot be tracked due to the layered encryption system. The darknet encryption technology routes users' data through a large number of intermediate servers, which protects the users' identity and guarantees anonymity. The transmitted information can be decrypted only by a subsequent node in the scheme, which leads to the exit node. The complicated system makes it almost impossible to reproduce the node path and decrypt the information layer by layer. Due to the high level of encryption, websites are not able to track geolocation and IP of their users, and users are not able to get this information about the host. Thus, communication between darknet users is highly encrypted allowing users to talk, blog, and share files confidentially.
This anonymity also creates a forum for illegal activity which is what the Dark Web is most associated with. Authorities have reported the trade of child pornography, drug related crime, illegal financing of pornography relating to children, violence, and animals.[3] A Dark Web market-place, also known as a crypto-market, operates by selling illegal goods such as drugs, weapons, and financial fraud related products and information.[3]
Content
editDarknet markets[edit]
editMain article: Darknet market
Commercial darknet markets mediate transactions for illegal goods and typically use Bitcoin as payment.[4] These markets have attracted significant media coverage, starting with the popularity of Silk Road and Diabolus Market and its subsequent seizure by legal authorities. Silk Road was one of the first dark web marketplaces that emerged in 2011 and has allowed for the trading of weapons and identity fraud resources.[4] These markets have no protection for its users and can be closed down at any time by authorities.[4] Despite the closures of these marketplaces, others pop up in their place.[4] As of 2020, there have been at least 38 active dark web market places.[4] These marketplaces are similar to that of eBay or Craigslist where users can interact with sellers and leave reviews about marketplace products.[4]
Examination of price differences in Dark web markets versus prices in real life or over the World Wide Web have been attempted as well as studies in the quality of goods received over the Dark web. One such study was performed on Evolution, one of the most popular crypto-markets active from January 2013 to March 2015. Although it found the digital information, such as concealment methods and shipping country, "seems accurate", the study uncovered issues with the quality of illegal drugs sold in Evolution, stating that, "... the illicit drugs purity is found to be different from the information indicated on their respective listings." Less is known about consumer motivations for accessing these marketplaces and factors associated with their use.
Bitcoin Services and Fraud[edit]
editBitcoin is one of the main cryptocurrencies used in dark web marketplaces due to the flexibility of the currency.[5] [With Bitcoin, people can hide their intentions as well as their identity. A common approach was to use a digital currency exchanger service which converted Bitcoin into an online game currency (such as gold coins in World of Warcraft) that will later be converted back into money.] Bitcoin services such as tumblers are often available on Tor, and some – such as Grams – offer darknet market integration. A research study undertaken by Jean-Loup Richet, a research fellow at ESSEC, and carried out with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, highlighted new trends in the use of Bitcoin tumblers for money laundering purposes.
Due to its relevance in the digital world, Bitcoin has become a popular product for users to scam companies with.[5] Cybercriminal groups such as DDOS"4" have led to over 140 cyberattacks on companies since the emergence of Bitcoins in 2014.[5] These attacks have led to the formation of other cybercriminal groups as well as Cyber Extortion.[5]
Terrorism[edit]
editTerrorist organization took to the internet as early as the 1990s, however, the birth of the dark web attracted these organizations due to the anonymity, lack of regulation, social interaction, and easy accessibility.[6] These groups have been taking advantage of the chat platforms within the dark web to inspire terrorist attacks.[6] Groups have even posted "How To" guides, teaching people how to become and hide their identity as terrorist.[6]
The dark web became a forum for terrorist propaganda, guiding information, and most importantly, funding.[6] With the introduction of Bitcoin, an anonymous transactions were created which allowed for anonymous donations and funding.[6] By accepting Bitcoin, terrorists were now able to fund money to purchase weaponry.[6] In 2018, an individual named Ahmed Sarsur was charged for attempting to purchase explosives and hire snipers to aid Syrian terrorists, as well as attempting to provide them financial support, all through the dark web.[5]
There are at least some real and fraudulent websites claiming to be used by ISIL (ISIS), including a fake one seized in Operation Onymous. With the increase of technology, it has allowed cyber terrorists to flourish by attacking the weaknesses of the technology. In the wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks, an actual such site was hacked by an Anonymous-affiliated hacker group, GhostSec, and replaced with an advert for Prozac. The Rawti Shax Islamist group was found to be operating on the dark web at one time.
Illegal pornography[edit]
editThe type of content that has the most popularity on the dark web is illegal pornography, more specifically, child pornography.[5] About 80% of web traffic is related to accessing child pornography despite it being difficult to find, even on the dark web.[5] A website called Lolita City, that has since been taken down, contained over 100 GB of child pornographic media and had about 15,000 members.[5]
There is regular law enforcement action against sites distributing child pornography – often via compromising the site and tracking users' IP addresses. In 2015 the FBI investigated and took down a website called PLAYPEN.[5] At the time, PLAYPEN was the largest child pornography website on the dark web with over 200,000 members.[5] Sites use complex systems of guides, forums and community regulation. Other content includes sexualised torture and killing of animals and revenge porn.
Social media[edit]
editWithin the dark web, there exist emerging social media platforms similar to those on the World Wide Web, this is know as the Dark Web Social Network (DWSN).[7] The DWSN works a like a regular social networking site where members can have customizable pages, have friends, like posts, and blog in forums.[7] Facebook and other traditional social media platforms have begun to make dark-web versions of their websites to address problems associated with the traditional platforms and to continue their service in all areas of the World Wide Web. Unlike Facebook, the privacy policy of the DWSN requires that members are to reveal absolutely no personal information and remain anonymous.[7]
Policing the Dark Web [edit]
editThere have been arguments that the dark web promotes civil liberties, like "free speech, privacy, anonymity." Some prosecutors and government agencies are concerned that it is a haven for criminal activity. The deep and dark web are applications of integral internet features to provide privacy and anonymity. Policing involves targeting specific activities of the private web deemed illegal or subject to internet censorship.
When investigating online suspects, police typically use the IP (Internet Protocol) address of the individual, however, due to Tor. browsers creating anonymity, this becomes an impossible tactic.[3] As a result, law enforcement has employed many other tactics in order to identify and arrest those engaging in illegal activity on the dark web.[8] OSINT, or Open Source Intelligence, are data collection tools that legally collect information from public sources.[3] OSINT tools can be dark web specific to help officers find bits of information that would lead them to gaining more knowledge about interactions going on in the dark web.[3]
In 2015 it was announced that Interpol now offers a dedicated dark web training program featuring technical information on Tor, cybersecurity and simulated darknet market takedowns. In October 2013 the UK's National Crime Agency and GCHQ announced the formation of a 'Joint Operations Cell' to focus on cybercrime. In November 2015 this team would be tasked with tackling child exploitation on the dark web as well as other cybercrime. In March 2017 the Congressional Research Service released an extensive report on the dark web, noting the changing dynamic of how information is accessed and presented on it; characterized by the unknown, it is of increasing interest to researchers, law enforcement, and policymakers. In August 2017, according to reportage, cybersecurity firms which specialize in monitoring and researching the dark web on behalf of banks and retailers routinely share their findings with the FBI and with other law enforcement agencies "when possible and necessary" regarding illegal content. The Russian-speaking underground offering a crime-as-a-service model is regarded as being particularly robust.
Journalism[edit]
editMany individual journalists, alternative news organizations, educators, and researchers are influential in their writing and speaking of the Darknet, and making its use clear to the general public. Media coverage typically reports on the dark web in two ways; detailing the power and freedom of speech the dark web allows you to express, or more commonly reaffirms the illegality and fear of its contents, such as computer hackers.[7] Many headlines tie the dark web to CP (Child Pornography) with headlines such as, "Child sex dark web targeted"[9], along with other illegal activities where news outlets describe it as "a hub for black markets that sell or distribute drugs"[10][7].
[Specialist Clearweb news sites such as DeepDotWeb and All Things Vice provide news coverage and practical information about dark web sites and services. However DeepDotWeb was shut down by authorities in 2019. The Hidden Wiki and its mirrors and forks hold some of the largest directories of content at any given time. Popular sources of dark web .onion links include Pastebin, YouTube, Twitter, Reddit and other Internet forums.] Traditional media and news channels such as ABC News have also featured articles examining the Darknet.
References
edit- ^ Hatta, Masayuki (2020-12-15). "Deep web, dark web, dark net: A taxonomy of "hidden" Internet". Annals of Business Administrative Science. 19 (6): 277–292. doi:10.7880/abas.0200908a. ISSN 1347-4456.
- ^ a b c Lacey, David; Salmon, Paul M. (2015), Harris, Don (ed.), "It's Dark in There: Using Systems Analysis to Investigate Trust and Engagement in Dark Web Forums", Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, vol. 9174, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–128, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20373-7_12, ISBN 978-3-319-20372-0, retrieved 2021-03-05
- ^ a b c d e Davies, Gemma (2020-10). "Shining a Light on Policing of the Dark Web: An Analysis of UK Investigatory Powers". The Journal of Criminal Law. 84 (5): 407–426. doi:10.1177/0022018320952557. ISSN 0022-0183.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f ElBahrawy, Abeer; Alessandretti, Laura; Rusnac, Leonid; Goldsmith, Daniel; Teytelboym, Alexander; Baronchelli, Andrea (2020-12). "Collective dynamics of dark web marketplaces". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18827. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74416-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7608591. PMID 33139743.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kaur, Shubhdeep; Randhawa, Sukhchandan (2020-06). "Dark Web: A Web of Crimes". Wireless Personal Communications. 112 (4): 2131–2158. doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07143-2. ISSN 0929-6212.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Weimann, Gabriel (2016-03-03). "Going Dark: Terrorism on the Dark Web". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 39 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1119546. ISSN 1057-610X.
- ^ a b c d e Gehl, Robert W (2016-08). "Power/freedom on the dark web: A digital ethnography of the Dark Web Social Network". New Media & Society. 18 (7): 1219–1235. doi:10.1177/1461444814554900. ISSN 1461-4448.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "7 Ways the Cops Will Bust You on the Dark Web". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ Wooding, David (September 15, 2013). "Child sec dark web targeted". The Sun. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Pagliery, Jose (March 10, 2014). "The Deep Web you don't know about". CNN Business. Retrieved March 27. 2021.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)