This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Horse coin" and is preserved for attribution.
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/939809775
Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:23, 8 February 2020 (UTC) .
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Horse coins (Traditional Chinese: 馬錢; Simplified Chinese: 马钱; Pinyin: mǎ qián), alternatively dama qian (打馬錢),[1] are a type of Chinese numismatic charm that originated in the Song dynasty (or as early as the Tang dynasty)[1] presumably as gambling tokens although many literary figures wrote about these coins their usage has always been failed to be mentioned by them, most horse coins tend to be round coins 3 centimeters in diameter with a circular or square hole in the middle of the coin. The horses featured on horse coins are depicted in various positions such as lying on the ground sleep, turning their head while neighing, or galloping forward with their tails rising high. it is currently unknown how horse coins were actually used though it is speculated that Chinese horse coins were actually used as game board pieces or gambling counters. Horse coins are most often manufactured from copper or bronze, but in a few documented cases they may also be made from animal horns or ivory. The horse coins produced during the Song dynasty are considered to be those of the best quality and craftsmanship and tend be made from better metal than the horse coins produced after.[2][3] Some horse coins would feature the name of the famous horses they depicted. It is estimated that there are over three hundred variants of the horse coin.[4][5][6] Some horse coins contained only an image of a horse while others also included an image of the rider and others had inscriptions which identify the horse or rider. During the beginning of the year of the horse in 2002 Chinese researchers Jian Ning and Wang Liyan of the National Museum of Chinese History wrote articles on horse coins the "China Cultural Relics Newspaper", the researchers noted that they found it a pity that the holes in the coins covered the saddles of the horses as this could've revealed more about ancient horse culture. Horse coins from the Song dynasty are the horse coins that are produced at the highest quality while horse coins from subsequent dynasties tend to be inferior compared to them.[7]
Horse coins often depicted famous horses from Chinese history or famous horses from Chinese mythology, while commemorative horse coins would also feature riders, such as the horse coin that features “General Yue Yi of the State of Yan” commemorating the event that a Yan general attempted to conquer the city of Jimo.[8] Another horse coin depicts the Chinese mythological horse long ju (龍駒), this horse was first mentioned in the "Rites of Zhou".[2] The Rites of Zhou describes a "dragon colt" as a horse which is "more than 8 chi (尺) tall" when its measured from its front hoof to the shoulder. One chi, during the Zhou dynasty period, was about 16.5 centimeters in the metric system.[2]
It is rare for horse coins to also feature images of horses in armour but a few rare examples from the Song dynasty exist (and it is even rarer for these coins to also feature a saddle) as well as some from the Mongol Yuan dynasty that feature horses wearing typical Mongolian horse armour. As horse coins from the Yuan dynasty are extremely rare there hasn't been much research undertaken in determining their usage and origins.[9]
Horse coins carved into cash coins
editOn the island of Java it was sometimes done to take an existing circulating cash coin, for example a Kan'ei Tsūhō (寛永通寳) cash coin, and engrave the design of a horse coin into it.[10] The Javanese also did this with other designs.[10]
List of horse coins
editList of types of horse coins depicting famous horses:[2]
List of variants of horse coins | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Transliteration | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Literal English translation | Image |
Qin jiang san qi | 秦將散騎 | 秦将散骑 | "Followers of General Bai Qi" | |
Yan jiang yue yi | 燕將樂毅 | 燕将乐毅 | "General Yue Yi of the State of Yan"[a] | |
Piao niao | 驃嫋 | 骠袅 | "Fast and slender" | |
Wu zhui | 烏騅 | 乌骓 | "Black spotted horse" | |
Tang jiang qian li | 唐將千里 | 唐将千里 | "Tang General 1,000 li" | |
Zhen guan shi ji Jue bo |
貞觀十驥 訣波 |
贞观十骥 诀波 |
"Ten thoroughbreds of Zhen Guan"[b] "Bursting as a wave" |
|
Qian li | 千里 | 千里 | "1,000 li" | |
Qian li zhi ma | 千里之馬 | 千里之马 | "1,000 li horse" | |
Long ju | 龍駒 | 龙驹 | "Dragon's Colt" | |
Ying gong zhu han[11] | 英公朱汗 | 英公朱汗 | "Duke of Ying, Red Sweat" | |
Shanzi[12] | 山子 | 山子 | "Child of the mountains" | |
King Mu of Western Zhou's horses ("The eight outstanding steeds")[c] | ||||
Qu Huang | 渠黃 | 渠黄 | "Great Yellow" | |
Lu er | 綠耳 | 绿耳 | "Green ear" | |
"Beyond Earth" | ||||
"Rush by Night" | ||||
"Windswept Plumes" | ||||
"Finer than Flashing Light" | ||||
"Faster than Shadow" | ||||
"Wing Bearer" | ||||
"Faster than Light" | ||||
"Rising Mist" | ||||
"Bay Steed" | ||||
"Smoked Ebony" | ||||
"Skewbald Chestnut" |
Notes
edit- ^ The name is sometimes alternatively translated as "General Le Yi of the State of Yan".
- ^ Zhen Guan was the era name used by Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty.
- ^ King Mu of Zhou had once rode on a chariot with eight horses that were known as the "eight outstanding steeds". The names of these eight horses can be found on Chinese and other East Asian horse coins although there is some disagreement as to which set of eight names which were passed down through history is the correct version. The names of King Mu of Zhou's eight horses described their outstanding characteristics and included "Beyond Earth", "Rush by Night", "Windswept Plumes", "Finer than Flashing Light", "Faster than Shadow", "Wing Bearer", "Faster than Light", and "Rising Mist". Other historical Chinese texts list King Mu of Zhou's horses as "Bay Steed", "Smoked Ebony", "Skewbald Chestnut", "Great Yellow", and "Green Ear".
References
edit- ^ a b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Pièces de jeu amulettisées - Charm gambling tokens" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Horse Coins - 馬錢". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ Sportstune (Chinese charms) Chinese charms, section 20. 20. HORSE CHARMS. Retrieved: 02 May 2018.
- ^ 台灣Wiki (TaiwanWiki) > 百科分類 > 錢幣 > 收藏 > 古玩 > 古幣 > 馬錢。馬錢. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters)
- ^ 鐵血社區. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters)
- ^ 中國古玩網. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters)
- ^ "Legacy of Horse-drawn Money". China Daily (Travel in China). 25 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ ""Battle of Jimo" Horse Coin". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ "Horse in Armour Horse Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Charms". Dr. Luke Roberts at the Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
Sources
edit- THIERRY, François, "Les monnaies au cheval, maqian ou damaqian", Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, juin 1991, n°6, pp. 122-126. (in French).
Further reading
edit- Joe Cribb, "Horse Coins: Pieces for Da Ma, the Chinese Board-Game 'Driving the Horses'", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 116-124. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.
- Andrew Lo, "An Introduction to Board Games in Late Imperial China", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 125-132. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.
External links
editCategory:Amulets Category:Chinese numismatic charms Category:Chinese numismatics
Standard reference templates
edit- March 2020.
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- February 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
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- January 2020.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- December 2019.
- <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
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To use
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- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
- <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>
TransAsiart expansion
edit- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/953558150 Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:02, 27 April 2020 (UTC) .
List of variants of horse coins | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Transliteration | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Literal English translation | Image |
Ying gong zhu han[1] | 英公朱汗 | 英公朱汗 | "Duke of Ying, Red Sweat" | |
Shanzi[2] | 山子 | 山子 | "Child of the mountains" |
- ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
TransAsiart sources
edit- http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj275.htm
- <ref name="TransAsiart-Dama-Qian-Duc-Ying">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj275.htm|title= Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:59, 27 April 2020 (UTC) .
- <ref name="TransAsiart-Dama-Qian-Duc-Ying">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj275.htm|title= Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj286.htm
- <ref name="TransAsiart-Dama-Qian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj286.htm|title= Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
- Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC) .
- <ref name="TransAsiart-Dama-Qian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj286.htm|title= Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>