User:Donald Trung/Vietnamese numismatic charm (2020 expansion)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Vietnamese numismatic charm" and is preserved for attribution.

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/949042468  Added the content. --Donald Trung (talk) 10:57, 4 April 2020 (UTC) .

Original draft

[[File:Amulette Vietnam XVIII 1ar (14275014536).jpg|thumb|right|A Vietnamese amulet that resembles a [[Vietnamese cash|cash coin]].]] '''Vietnamese numismatic charms''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: Bùa Việt Nam; [[Hán tự]]: 越南符銭; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 符越南),{{sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=1}} also known as ''Vietnamese [[amulet]]s'', ''Vietnamese [[talisman]]s'', or simply ''Vietnamese charms'', refer to a family of cash coin-like and other numismatic inspired types of charms that like the [[Japanese numismatic charm|Japanese]] and [[Korean numismatic charm|Korean variants]] are derived from [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s (also referred to as ''Yansheng coins'' or ''huāqián''), but have evolved around the customs of the [[Vietnamese culture]] although most of these charms resemble [[Vietnamese cash coins]] and the amulet coins of China.<ref>BLANCHARD Raphaël et BUI Van Quy, "Sur une collection d'amulettes chinoises", Revue d'Anthropologie, juillet-août 1918, pp. 131-172. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> These "coins" were used at temples, as tokens within the imperial palace, and as everyday charms with supposed [[Magic (supernatural)|magical]] power such as having the ability [[Lei Ting curse charm|to curse evil spirits and bogies]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/monnaies%20amulettes/ncnamuma.htm|title= Monnaies amulettisées (Charm coins).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref> Some of these charms contained the inscriptions of real circulating cash coins but with added imagery.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/vietnamgate.htm|title= Vietnamese large Minh-mang thong bao charm.|date=12 May 1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Vladimir Belyaev and Sergey Shevtcov (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> Inscriptions on Vietnamese numismatic charms can be written in [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Chinese]], [[Fulu#Fu on Taoist talismanic coins|Taoist "magic" writing]], [[Devanagari]], pseudo-Devanagari, [[Chữ Nôm]], and [[Vietnamese alphabet|Latin scripts]]. Common inscriptions include Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴), [[Zhengde Tongbao|Chính Đức Thông Bảo]] (正德通寶), and Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo (周元通寶).{{sfn|Greenbaum|2006}} == Types of Vietnamese charms == {{See also|Chinese numismatic charm#Types of Chinese charms}} === Buddhist charms === {{Main|Buddhist coin charm}} Like with Chinese numismatic [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] charms there are Vietnamese numismatic Buddhist charms that contain [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] inscriptions, however some of these Buddhist amulets from Vietnam contain only Sanskrit syllables associated with certain sounds but without meaning, these meaningless inscriptions were presumably borrowed from Chinese monks who used them as [[religious iconography]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelvn01.htm|title= Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm) § Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref> ==== Vietnamese amulets with pseudo-Sanskrit inscriptions ==== There are Vietnamese amulets that contain the [[Buddhist prayer]] "[[Om mani padme hum]]" (ॐ मणिपद्मे हूँ), or ''Án ma ni bát mê hồng'' (唵嘛呢叭咪吽), written in [[Devanagari]] script.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} This is chanting phrase used by [[Tibetan monk]]s and has been adapted by other Buddhists in [[East Asia]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} In Buddhist schools of meditation the single syllable "Om" (ॐ) in this prayer is used as a focal point to help quiet the mind.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} These six syllables are said to purify the six realms.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} Many of these amulets have their inscriptions written in Devanagari is because many of the oldest Buddhist texts were written in Sanskrit later and [[Pali language|Pali]] and many Chinese [[Buddhist monk]]s studied Sanskrit to better understand these texts.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} Furthermore, Buddhist monks in Vietnam study Chinese languages to help understand these same texts.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} Thus there is a fusion of knowledge of both the Sanskrit and the Chinese language which influenced these amulets to both contain a form of pseudo-Devanagari and Chinese script.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=59}} === Open-work charms === {{Main|Open-work charm}} During the [[19th century]], a two-sided [[Open-work charm|open-work amulet]] with a two opposing dragons design within a circular frame.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=106–107}} These open-work charms contain a number of [[Buddhist symbols]] and religious iconography such as the circular frame symbolising [[Wheel of Dharma]] (or Wheel of the Law), which encompasses all of the tenets of Buddhism.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=106–107}} Another Buddhist symbol is an [[umbrella]] or [[canopy]] located on the top, as the umbrella in Buddhist symbolism is a sign of protection as it "shades all medicinal herbs", while the shade of the canopy is said to "protects all living beings".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=106–107}} The design of two dragons are a part of [[Chinese folk religion]], but like in contemporary Chinese and Vietnamese life, indigenous mythology mixed with Buddhism as can be demonstrated in several Buddhist charms which incorporate designs from other religions.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=106–107}} === Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo === During the 60th birthday of [[Revival Lê dynasty]] Emperor [[Lê Hiển Tông]] in 1774 a special [[Wanshuo Tongbao|Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo]] (萬夀通寶) amulet was cast, these charms were often used to commemorate the birthday of an emperor as had happened in the [[Qing dynasty]] with the 60th birthdays of Chinese emperors. The reason these charms are cast on this particular event is because 60 years symbolises a complete cycle of the 10 [[heavenly stem]]s and the 12 [[earthly branch]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_vietnam/letrunghung/nvnlth04b.htm|title= Vạn Thọ thông bảo 萬夀通寶 de Cảnh Hưng 景興 (1774).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}</ref><ref> Albert Schroeder, Annam, Études numismatiques, n°589. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> === The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms) === {{See also|Taoist coin charm#The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)}} Vietnamese Book of Changes and Bagua charms usually contain inscriptions displaying the [[Eight Trigrams]] (八卦, ''Bát Quái''), these are the following [[Chinese characters]]:{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=18}} 乾, (☰, Càn) 坎, (☵, Khảm), 艮 (☶, Cấn), 震 (☳, Chấn), 巽 (☴, Tốn), 離 (☲, Ly), 坤 (☷, Khôn), and 兑 (☱, Đoài).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=18}} In the case of these coins, "charm" in this context is a catchall term for coin-shaped items which were not official (or counterfeit) money.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://roberts.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/coins/Charms.html|title= Charms.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=19 April 2020|work= Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref> However, these numismatic objects were necessarily considered "magical" or "lucky", as some of these Chinese numismatic charms can be used as "[[mnemonic]] coins".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> These amulets may further have inscriptions like Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng (長生保命) which translates to "immortality" and "protect life".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=18}} Such inscriptions would indicate that they were used as "protective" charms.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=20}} === Zodiac charms === {{See also|Taoist coin charm#Zodiac charms}} The [[Chinese zodiac]]s appear on several Daoist amulets which were used for divination and fortune telling.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=68–69}} Next to the image of each animal, the Chinese character for the animal is displayed.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=68–69}} === Confucian charms === {{Main|Confucian coin charm}} Under the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] era Emperor [[Minh Mạng]] large (often 48 millimeters in diameter) presentation coins with the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶) were made that featured inscriptions from the [[Huainanzi]] on their reverse, it is believed that this work was chosen because it states that a monarch or ruler should embrace both [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]] and attain sagehood. Because the term Minh Mạng ([[Hán tự]]: 明命) can also be translated as "bright life" or "intelligent decree" the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo is commonly used on Vietnamese numismatic charms.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/11/29/the-huainanzi-and-vietnamese-coins/ |title= The Huainanzi and Vietnamese Coins.|date=29 November 2011|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/minhmanghuge.htm|title= Huge Vietnamese charm - Minh Mang Thong Bao.|date=1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> === Lei Ting curse charms === {{Main|Lei Ting curse charm}} Vietnamese ''[[Lei Ting curse charms]]'' (or ''Lôi Đình curse charms'') are numismatic charms that contain inscriptions to protect its wearer from [[evil spirit]]s and [[ghost]]s.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=15, 16}} It was common for people to go to [[Taoist priest|Taoist masters]] to ask for advice, and in Taoism secretive amulets are often used in ceremonies, while most of these amulets are made from [[paper]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=16}} Vietnamese Lei Ting curse charms can have [[fortune telling]] symbols and Taoist "magical" incantations.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=15, 16}} === Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions === During the [[Vietnam war]] era Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions were produced in large numbers as souvenirs for foreigners interested in antiques. In large [[South Vietnam]]see cities like [[Saigon]], [[Da Nang]], and [[Huế]], these charms usually sold for [[United States dollar|$]]1 or $2. They bore inscriptions of authentic Vietnamese cash coins like Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶), and Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/vietnamcharm.htm|title= Vietnamese charms in Vietnam War era.|date=29 April 1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Tony Luc (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> but many also contained fantasy inscriptions like Quang Trung Trọng Bảo (光中重寶),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/quangtrungcharm.htm|title= Charms with Quang Trung's Reign Title.|date=2 May 1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo (咸宜重寶),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/hamnghicharm.htm|title= Charms with Ham Nghi's Reign Title.|date=30 April 1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> and Khải Định Trọng Bảo (啓定重寶),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/library/khaidinhcharm.htm|title= Khai Dinh Trong Bao charm.|date=29 April 1998|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru - Chinese Coinage Website).|language=en}}</ref> the latter of which being based on the [[Khải Định Thông Bảo]] (啓定通寶). Some Vietnam war era replicas may include Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶) cash coins, which were produced under Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]] in the year 1885, without the reverse inscription "Lục [[Vietnamese văn (currency unit)|Văn]]" (六文), or large (1 [[Vietnamese mạch|mạch]]) Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶) cash coins with the reverse inscription Trung Quốc Ái Dân (忠國愛民).<ref name="TransAsiart-Faux-Sapèques">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_vietnam/faux/nvnfauam.htm|title= Faux de la période américaine (ca 1960-1975). - Fakes of the American period (ca 1960-1975).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=24 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] |publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> The latter of these fakes are based on Minh Mạng Thông Bảo Thông Bảo (明命通寶), Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶), and [[Tự Đức Thông Bảo]] (嗣德通寶) cash coins of 1 mạch which had this and similar reverse inscriptions, while in reality no similar large cash coins were ever produced before orb after these three series.<ref name="TransAsiart-Faux-Sapèques"/> === Marriage charms === {{Main|Marriage coin charm}} Vietnamese marriage amulets often display [[Vietnamese dragon|dragon]] (龍) and [[Fenghuang|phoenix]] (鳳) motifs,{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=22}} this is because the Vietnamese dragon is often used as a symbol for [[male]]s,{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=23}} while the Phượng Hoàng (or "phoenix") is used to represent [[female]]s.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} When the phoenix is shown together with the dragon this is often meant as a metaphor for the [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor and Empress]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} Some marriage amulets have the obverse inscription Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴) written in [[seal script]], which translates into [[English language|English]] to "Long life, riches, and honour".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} This inscription symbolises good fortune in marriage as well as protection.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} There are also some Vietnamese marriage amulets with the inscription Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải (壽山福海, "longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea"), which is a part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as [[Mount Tai]] and your happiness as the [[East China Sea|Eastern Sea]]" (壽比南山福如東海).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=28, 29}} Some Vietnamese marriage amulets contain the Daoist [[Taijitu|Âm and Dương symbol]] (or ''Thái cực đồ''), this is because in Daoist Âm symbolises the feminine and Dương symbolises the masculine.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} Further symbols may include the [[lotus flower]], known as "荷" (Hà) or "蓮" (Sen).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} In [[Mandarin Chinese]] the word for "lotus" has a homonymous sound with the word which means "to bind" as in a marriage contract, "to love", and "to be modest".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} A design of [[China|Chinese]], [[Korea]]n, and [[Vietnam]]ese marriage amulets display a pair of [[fish]] on one side and the inscription Ngư Song (魚双, "Pair of Fish") on the other side.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=104}} In various Oriental cultures fish are associated with plenty and abundance.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} Fish are furthermore noted for their prolific ability to reproduce and that when they swim that this was in joy and are therefore associated with a happy and harmonious marriage.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} In [[Feng Shui]], a pair of fish are associated with conjugal bliss and the joys of being in a matrimonial union.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms, or ''"Song of Unending Regret" charms'', are a common type of marriage coin charm, that might be Chinese, Japanese, Korean [[Taiwanese numismatic charm|Taiwanese]], or Vietnamese in origin, that depict part of the 9th century poem ''[[Chang hen ge (poem)|Chang hen ge]]'' written by [[Bai Juyi]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/06/song-of-unending-sorrow-charm/ |title= "Song of Unending Sorrow" Charm.|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=18 May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms display four heterosexual couples having sex in various positions (or they are supposed to represent one couple having in four different positions) in the area surrounding the square centre hole of the coin.<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> Surrounding the couples having sex are the [[Hanzi|Chinese characters]] representing the [[spring]] (春), [[wind]] (風), [[peach]]es (桃), and [[plum]]s (李), which is a reference to the first four characters of a line from the ''Chang hen ge'' poem which translates into [[English language|English]] as "Gone were the breezy spring days when the peach and plum trees were in bloom" in reference to the death of [[Yang Guifei]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> === Five poisons talismans === The [[five poisons]] (五毒, ''Ngũ Độc''), or the ''five noxious creatures'', are an ancient Chinese concept that includes a [[snake]], a [[centipede]], a [[scorpion]], a [[lizard]], and a [[toad]]. Sometimes the five poisons may also include a [[spider]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} These numismatic amulets are a reflection of the [[taboo]] of the number 5.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} Traditionally the fifth day of the fifth month (which in the [[Chinese calendar]] falls in June), or "Double Five Day", is considered in traditional [[Chinese culture]] to be the day that causes the most illnesses because it's the hottest day.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} Because of this superstition the number five was also associated with illness.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} During "Double Five Day" these amulets displaying the five poisons were worn to ward off illnesses and evil.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} Because the [[Dragon Boat Festival]] occurs during this period, it is not uncommon for one of the five poisons to be replaced with a [[tiger]] representing the [[Warring States period]] person [[Qu Yuan|Khuất Nguyên]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} Some Five Poisons amulets contain the imperative command inscription Khu Tà Tîch Ác (驅邪辟惡) which could be translated as "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88–89}} === Vietnamese gong (khánh) shaped amulets === Vietnam has been producing large brass [[gong]]s (khánh) shaped as [[bat]]s for centuries, some Vietnamese amulets are modelled after this shape.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=165}} While these amulets may also be found in [[China]], they are produced in Vietnam and are one of the few uniquely categories of Vietnamese numismatic charms.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=165}} These amulets are associated with wealth and good luck because of their shape bat shape, which is a [[homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese]], as the Mandarin Chinese word for "bat" (蝠, fú) sounds like "happiness" (福, fú).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=165}} The design of the bat shaped khánh also appears on a 1943 series 20 [[French Indochinese piastre|piastre]] banknote issued by the [[Bank of Indochina]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=166}} === Plastic numismatic charms === During the [[20th century|20th]] and [[21st century|21st centuries]] Vietnamese numismatic charms with [[Latin script]] made from [[plastic]]s began being produced.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=156–157}} The obverse inscription that appears on some of these amulets is "Thần Chúng Cho Ban" which translates to "May the Spirits Bestow Favours".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=156–157}} While the reverse of these plastic amulets reads "Sa Cốc Miếu Ân" which translates to "The Temple Sounds Thanks", which could be a reference to when a monk receives a donation at a temple, they will often ring a bell in recognition of this fact.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=156–157}} == List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription == {{Expand list|date=April 2020}} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" !colspan=6| List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription<br>(excluding [[Lei Ting curse charm#List of magic incantations found on Lei Ting curse charms|Lei Ting curse charm inscriptions]]) |- ! Inscription<br>([[Vietnamese alphabet|Chữ Quốc Ngữ]]) !! Inscription<br>([[Traditional Chinese characters|Hán Tự]]) !! Literal [[English language|English]] translation !! [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|Implied meaning or symbolism]] !! Distribution{{Efn|Country of production, as many [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s have the same inscriptions and designs as Vietnamese numismatic charms, as the latter are often based on the former. And to differentiate between exclusive Vietnamese amulets from Chinese coin amulets.}} !! Image |- !colspan=6| Good luck and protective inscriptions |- | Trường Mạng Phú Quý || 長命富貴 || "Longevity, riches, and honour" || A good luck inscription. || [[China]] and [[Vietnam]] || |- | Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=28, 29}} || 壽山福海 || "Longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea" || A part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as [[Mount Tai]] and your happiness as the [[East China Sea|Eastern Sea]]" (壽比南山福如東海). || China and Vietnam || |- | Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng || 長生保命 || "Immortality" and "Protect life" || A protective inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- | Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh<br>Thọ Trường Phú Quý{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=6, 7}} || 元亨利貞<br>壽長富貴 || "Commencing, developing, strengthening, and perfecting"<br>"Longevity, riches, and honour" || The principle (元) to success (亨), and to prosper (利) by divination (貞), being the first four words of the Book of Changes (I-Ching). || China and Vietnam || |- | Nhân Nghĩa Lí Trí<br>Tín{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=8, 9}} || 仁義禮智<br>信 || "Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, Knowledge"<br>"Sincerity" || A good luck inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Càn Khảm Cấn Chấn Tốn Ly Khôn Đoài{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=12, 13, 14}} || 乾 坎 艮 震 巽 離 坤 兑 || "Heaven, Water, Mountain, Thunder, Wind, Fire, Earth, Lake" || The [[Eight Trigrams]], a [[Daoism|Daoist]] set of symbols. || China and Vietnam || |- | Long Vân Khánh Hội{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=30, 31, 32, and 33}} || 龍雲慶會 || "Dragon and Cloud a Felicitous Meeting Together" || A good luck inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Trường Mạng Phú Quý Kim Ngọc Mãn Đường{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=38, 39, and 40}} || 長命富貴金玉滿堂 || "Long-Life, Wealth and Honors, Gold and Jade, Success" || High rank and achieving honour. || China and Vietnam || |- | Càn Nguyên Trường Tiền{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=44, 45}} || 乾元長錢 || "Everlasting Heaven's Money" || To be lucky in the endeavour of pursuing wealth and money. || Vietnam || |- | Trạng Nguyên Cập Đệ<br>Phúc Lộc{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=46, 47, 48, and 49}} || 狀元及第<br> || "First Doctoral Candidate", "Passed the Examination",<br>"Good Luck and Honours"{{Efn|The [[Confucian court examination system in Vietnam]] (Hán tự: 越南科舉制度, Chữ Quốc Ngữ: Chế-độ khoa-cử Việt-nam) was a system of examinations The era of [[Imperial exam]]s in monarchist Vietnam lasted from the year 1076 until 1919 during the [[French Indochina|French colonial period]] with a total of 185 exams being given. It is estimated that about 70,000 to 80,000 candidates took the regional exams around the [[provinces of Vietnam]] each time these exams were administered. The final (and highest) examination was taken at the Imperial Vietnamese Palace and about 15 candidates became Doctoral Laureates, or [[Zhuangyuan|Trạng Nguyên]] (狀元). The bulk of the amulets were produced in [[China]] and many of these amulets made their way to Vietnam. These types of amulets that contain inscriptions wishing for success at the imperial examinations were extremely popular among the students that were studying for the Confucian exams. It is very likely that there have been many types of different imperial court examinations amulets produced during the period when Confucian court exams were administered in Vietnam.}} || Attaining a high rank in the [[imperial examination]]s. || China and Vietnam || |- | Phúc Lộc Lị Trinh{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=50, 51}} || 福祿利貞 || "Happiness, Honors, Strengthening, and Perfecting" || High rank and high salary. || Vietnam || |- | Vô Sự Tùng Dung{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=52, 53}} || 無事從容 || "Without Affairs Gives You Leisure at Large" || [[Inner peace]]. || Vietnam || |- | Trinh Phù{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=56, 57}} || 貞符{{Efn|The Chinese characters Trinh (貞) Phù (符) are located on the top and bottom of the amulet and a pair of flowers on the right and left side of the amulet.}} || "Divination Amulet" || An amulet used for [[divination]]. || Vietnam || |- | Bổn-Mạng (Bản-Mệnh)<br>Trường-Sinh{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=64, 65, and 66}} || 本命<br>長生 || "Life"<br>"Immortality" || An inscription wishing for longevity. || Vietnam || |- | Ngũ Bất<br>The Eight Trigrams{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=84, 85}} || 五不<br>☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || "The Five Precepts"<br>"The Eight Trigrams" || The [[five precepts]] of Buddhism.<br>The Eight Trigrams from Daoism || China and Vietnam || |- | Khu Tà Tîch Ác{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=88, 89}} || 驅邪辟惡 || "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns" || A protective amulet inscription usually worn during the [[Dragon Boat Festival]]. || China and Vietnam || |- | Thụ-Di Bách Lộc{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=90–93}} || 受第百祿 || "To Receive Numerous Benefits From Heaven" || To receive celestial blessings for good luck and good fortune. || China and Vietnam || |- | Chiêu Tài Như Ý<br>Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình<br>Nhãt Đoàn Hòa Khí{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=102, 103}} || 招財如意<br>天下太平<br>一團和氣 || "Receive All The Riches You Wish"<br>"The Country At Peace"<br>"Embodiment of Harmony" || A good luck inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- | Thọ{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=114–116}} || 壽 || "Longevity" || A good luck inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- | Quang Thiên Nguyên Bảo{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=128, 129}} || 光天元寶 || "Brilliant Heavenly Original Treasure" || A good luck and protective inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Thiên Hạ Thái Bình{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=130, 131}} || 天下太平 || "Wishing All the World Be at Peace" || [[World peace]]. || Vietnam || |- | Trường Mạng Phú Quý<br>Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=138, 139}} || 長命富貴<br>天下太平 || "Long Life, Riches and Honours"<br>"The Country At Peace" || A good luck and protective inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Phẩm Chung Lan Đài{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=150, 151}} || 品重蘭臺 || "Important Rank within the Orchid Tower" || High rank in the imperial examination system. || Vietnam || |- | Trảm Tà Trị Quỷ<br>Vận Nhập Vô Kị{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=154, 155}} || 斬邪治鬼<br>运入無忌 || "Destroy Evil, Rule Over Spirits"<br>"Go In and Out Without Fear" || A protective inscription meant to ward off evil spirits. || Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| Vietnamese numismatic charms with [[List of Chinese cash coins by inscription|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese cash#List of Vietnamese cash coins|Vietnamese cash coin inscriptions]] |- | Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo || 周元通寶 || "Beginning of the [[Later Zhou|Châu]], circulating treasure" || An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down [[Buddha statue]]s. || China and Vietnam || |- | Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo<br>Bình Nam{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=2, 3, and 4}} || 周元通寶<br>平南 || "Beginning of the Châu, circulating treasure"<br>"Bình Nam" || An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down Buddha statues.<br>A mint mark that also appeared on some Cảnh Hưng Thông Bảo (景興通寶) cash coins. || Vietnam || |- | Hồng Ðức Thông Bảo<br>Thiên Hạ Thái Bình{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=142, 143}} || 洪德通寶<br>天下太平 || "[[Lê Thánh Tông|Hồng Ðức]] circulating treasure"<br>"All the World Be at Peace" || A [[Later Lê dynasty]] cash coin inscription with an amulet reverse inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Cảnh Thịnh Thông Bảo{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=134, 135}} || 景盛通寶 || "[[Cảnh Thịnh]] circulating treasure" || A [[Tây Sơn]] dynasty cash coin inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Minh Mạng Thông Bảo<br>Phú Thọ Ða Nam{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=108, 109}} || 明命通寶<br>富壽多男 || "[[Minh Mạng]] circulating treasure"<br>"Wealth, Long Life, and Many (Male) Children" || A [[presentation coin]] used as an amulet. || Vietnam || [[File:Annam MinhMang GrandeProsperite 1ar85 (8545704742).jpg|75px]] |- !colspan=6| Vietnamese numismatic charms with commemorative inscriptions |- | [[Wanshuo Tongbao|Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo]]{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=140, 141}} || 萬夀通寶 || "Ten thousand longevities, circulating treasure" || To commemorate the 60th birthday of the reigning Emperor. || China and Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| Fantasy [[Vietnamese cash|cash coin]] inscriptions |- | [[Zhengde Tongbao|Chính Đức Thông Bảo]]{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=98, 99, and 100}} || 正德通寶 || "[[Zhengde Emperor|Chính Đức]] circulating treasure" || Fantasy [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming dynasty cash coin]]. || China and Vietnam || |- | Quang Trung Trọng Bảo || 光中重寶 || "[[Quang Trung]] heavy treasure" || A fantasy cash coin, based on the Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), to be sold to tourists and [[Military of the United States|American soldiers]] stationed in [[South Vietnam]] during the [[Vietnam war]]. || Vietnam || |- | Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo || 咸宜重寶 || "[[Hàm Nghi]] heavy treasure" || A fantasy cash coin, based on the Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam war. || Vietnam || |- | Khải Định Trọng Bảo || 啓定重寶 || "[[Khải Định]] heavy treasure" || A fantasy cash coin, based on the [[Khải Định Thông Bảo]] (啓定通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam war. || Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] amulets with pseudo-[[Sanskrit]] inscriptions |- ! Inscription<br>([[Latin script]]) !! Inscription<br>(Original script) !! Literal [[English language|English]] translation !! [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|Implied meaning or symbolism]] !! Distribution !! Image |- | Om Ma Ni Pad<br>Me Hum{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=58, 59, 60, and 61}} || ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ<br>དྨེ ཧཱུྃ || "[[Om mani padme hum]]"{{Efn|While the amulet does not completely represent the Tibetan chant of "[[Om mani padme hum]]" (ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པདྨེ་ཧཱུྃ), it does convey the concept well enough to be considered a representation of the phrase "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".}} || A [[Buddhist prayer]]. || Vietnam || |- | | Om Ma Ni Pad<br>Me Hum Khang-Cát{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=62, 63}} || ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ<br>銘洪康吉 || "Om mani padme"<br>"Me hum", "To be healthy and happy" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| Other Buddhist inscriptions |- | Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum<br>[A [[Daoism|Daoist]] [[Fulu|"secret writing"]] character]<br>Trường Mạng Phú Quý<br>The Eight Trigrams{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=72–75}} || 口奄 口牛 口迷 口八 口尼 口麻 吶 咺<br>[[File:Dead Ghost - Daoist (Taoist) Magic Writing.jpg|30px]]{{Efn|A [[Daoism|Daoist]] [[Fulu|"secret writing"]] character used in a magic spell incantation to expel [[evil spirit]]s. This Chinese character (Hán Tự) refers to a "dead ghost" and its purpose can be better understood by using the following analogy. When a person dies in Chinese mythology, he or she becomes a [[ghost]]. Living people greatly dislike seeing ghosts. Similarly, it is believed in Chinese mythology that ghosts are afraid when they see a "dead ghost" and will run away. The ancient Chinese, therefore, believed that ghosts will be scared away if this Daoist magic character, meaning "dead ghost", is hung somewhere in their homes or worn as an amulet.}}<br>長命富貴<br>☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || "To shout Majestically "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum"<br>A Daoist "magic" incantation (To Expel Evil)."<br>"Longevity, riches, and honour"<br>The Eight Trigrams || A Buddhist prayer and Daoist magic spell incantation. || China and Vietnam || |- | Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum<br>The Eight Trigrams{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=76, 77}} || 奄 口麻 口尼 口八 口爾 口牛<br>☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || Chinese Characters Representing "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".<br>"The Eight Trigrams". || A Buddhist prayer and Daoist religious symbolism. || China and Vietnam || |- | Om Ma Ni Pad<br>Me Hum{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=78, 79, and 80}} || 口奄 口麻 口尼 鉢<br>銘 洪 || "Om mani padme hum" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- | Me hum{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=82, 83}} || 銘洪 || "Me hum" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- | Chúa Xứ Thánh Mẫu<br>Châu Đốc<br>(Obverse in Latin script){{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=148, 149}} || 母聖處主<br>朱篤<br>(Reverse in Traditional Chinese characters) || "Temple of the Region's Revered Lady"<br>"City of [[Châu Đốc]]" || A token coin issued by a Buddhist temple. || Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| marriage inscriptions |- | Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=10, 11}} || 四辰同樂 || "In All Four Seasons May There Be Happiness" || Bliss and happiness in marriage || Vietnam || |- | Phú Quý Khang Ninh{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=34, 35, 36, and 37}} || 富貴康寧 || "Riches, Honors, Health and Peace" || A good luck and marriage inscription || Vietnam || |- | Thái Bình Đồng Lạc{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=42, 43}} || 太平同樂 || "Peace and Happiness Together" || A marriage inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Phu Phụ Hòa Hài<br>Tử Tôn Phồn Thịnh{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=54, 55}} || 夫婦和諧<br>子孫繁盛 || "Husband and Wife, Harmonious Reverse"<br>"Children and Grand-Children in Abundance" || A marriage inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Ngư Song{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=104, 105}} || 魚双 || "A pair of fish" || A marriage inscription. || China, [[Korea]], and Vietnam || |- | Liên Sinh Lục Tử{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=124–127}} || 連生六子 || "Wishing Continuous Births of Six Sons" || A wish for having male offspring. || China and Vietnam || |- | Tung Bách Mệnh Gia<br>Thiên Hạ Thái Bình{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=174, 175}} || 嵩百命家<br>天下太平 || "Lofty Life, Hundreds of Offspring"<br>"The Country at Peace" || A marriage inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- !colspan=6| Plastic amulets with [[Latin script|Latin]] inscriptions |- | Thần Chúng Cho Ban<br>Sa Cốc Miếu Ân{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=156–157}} || NA || "May the Spirits Bestow Favours"<br>"The Temple Sounds Thanks" || Religious good luck amulet || Vietnam || |} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * [https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=87111 Amulets of Vietnam] by Craig Greenbaum. Published: 2006. Retrieved: 16 August 2018. == Further reading == {{Commonscat|Vietnamese numismatic charms}} * [https://www.academia.edu/414966/Amulettes_de_Chine_et_du_Vietnam_1987_ Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam, 1987] by François Thierry de Crussol ([[Academia.edu]], in [[French language|French]]) {{Asian numismatic charms}} {{Vietnamese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Asian numismatic charms]] .

Standard reference templates

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Spin-off projects

• User:Donald Trung/Marriage amulets of Korea.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:29, 31 March 2020 (UTC) .
• User:Donald Trung/Cash coins in art.
  •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:19, 3 April 2020 (UTC) .
• User:Donald Trung/Japanese Kan'ei Tsūhō cash coins in art.
  •  Largely related to the Kanagawa sand-drawing.

Lucky and protective inscriptions sandbox

| Trường Mạng Phú Quý Kim Ngọc Mãn Đường || 長命富貴金玉滿堂 || "Long-Life, Wealth and Honors, Gold and Jade, Success" || High rank and achieving honour. || China and Vietnam || |- | Càn Nguyên Trường Tiền || 乾元長錢 || "Everlasting Heaven's Money" || To be lucky in the endeavour of pursuing wealth and money. || Vietnam || |- | Trạng Nguyên Cập Đệ
Phúc Lộc || 狀元及第
|| "First Doctoral Candidate", "Passed the Examination",
"Good Luck and Honours" || Attaining a high rank in the imperial examinations. || China and Vietnam || |- | Phúc Lộc Lị Trinh || 福祿利貞 || "Happiness, Honors, Strengthening, and Perfecting" || High rank and high salary. || Vietnam || |- | Vô Sự Tùng Dung || 無事從容 || "Without Affairs Gives You Leisure at Large" || Inner peace. || Vietnam |- | Trinh Phù || 貞符 || "Divination Amulet" || An amulet used for divination. || Vietnam || |- | Bổn-Mạng (Bản-Mệnh)
Trường-Sinh || 本命
長生 || "Life"
"Immortality" || || Vietnam || |- | Ngũ Bất
The Eight Trigrams || 五不
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || "The Five Precepts"
"The Eight Trigrams" || The five precepts of Buddhism.
The Eight Trigrams from Daoism || || |- | Khu Tà Tîch Ác || 驅邪辟惡 || "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns" || A protective amulet inscription usually worn during the Dragon Boat Festival. || China and Vietnam || |- | Thụ-Di Bách Lộc || 受第百祿 || "To Receive Numerous Benefits From Heaven" || To receive celestial blessings for good luck and good fortune. || China and Vietnam || |- | Chiêu Tài Như Ý
Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình
Nhãt Đoàn Hòa Khí || 招財如意
天下太平
一團和氣 || "Receive All The Riches You Wish"
"The Country At Peace"
"Embodiment of Harmony" || A good luck inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- | Thọ || 壽 || "Longevity" || A good luck inscription. || China and Vietnam || |- | Quang Thiên Nguyên Bảo || 光天元寶 || "Brilliant Heavenly Original Treasure" || A good luck and protective inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Thiên Hạ Thái Bình || 天下太平 || "Wishing All the World Be at Peace" || World peace. || Vietnam || |- | Trường Mạng Phú Quý
Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình || 長命富貴
天下太平 || "Long Life, Riches and Honours"
"The Country At Peace" || A good luck and protective inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Phẩm Chung Lan Đài || 品重蘭臺 || "Important Rank within the Orchid Tower" || High rank in the imperial examination system. || Vietnam || |- | Trảm Tà Trị Quỷ
Vận Nhập Vô Kị || 斬邪治鬼
运入無忌 || "Destroy Evil, Rule Over Spirits"
"Go In and Out Without Fear" || A protective inscription meant to ward off evil spirits. || Vietnam || |-

154, 155 (Pin Chung Lan Tai/Chinese)

斬邪 治鬼 Trảm Tà Trị Quỷ Destroy Evil, Rule Over Spirits Reverse (Right): 运入無忌 Vận Nhập Vô Kị Go In and Out Without Fear

154, 155

Cash coin inscriptions

| Hồng Ðức Thông Bảo
Thiên Hạ Thái Bình || 洪德通寶
天下太平 || "Hồng Ðức circulating treasure"
"All the World Be at Peace" || A Later Lê dynasty cash coin inscription with an amulet reverse inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Cảnh Thịnh Thông Bảo || 景盛通寶 || "Cảnh Thịnh circulating treasure" || A Tây Sơn dynasty cash coin inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Minh Mạng Thông Bảo
Phú Thọ Ða Nam || 明命通寶
富壽多男 || "Minh Mạng circulating treasure"
"Wealth, Long Life, and Many (Male) Children" || A presentation coin used as an amulet. || Vietnam || || |-

Minh Mång Thông Bäo 明 命 通 寶 Current Money of Ming Mång Reverse (Right): 富 壽 多 男 Phú Thọ Ða Nam Wealth, Long Life and Many Children

Presentation Coin Used As An Amulet Obverse (Left): 景 盛 通 寶 Cảnh Thịnh Thông Bảo

108, 109

萬 壽 通 寶 140, 141

洪 德 通 寶 Hồng Ðức Thông Bảo Reverse (Right): 天 下 太 平 Thiên Hạ Thái Bình

Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1460-1497).

Buddhist inscriptions sandbox

With Devanagari.

| Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum || ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
དྨེ ཧཱུྃ || "Om mani padme hum" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- | | Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum Khang-Cát || ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
銘洪康吉 || "Om mani padme"
"Me hum", "To be healthy and happy" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam ||

No Devanagari.

| Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
[A Daoist "secret writing" character]
Trường Mạng Phú Quý
The Eight Trigrams || 口奄 口牛 口迷 口八 口尼 口麻 吶 咺

長命富貴
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || "To shout Majestically "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum"
A Daoist "magic" incantation (To Expel Evil)."
"Longevity, riches, and honour"
The Eight Trigrams || A Buddhist prayer and Daoist magic spell incantation. || China and Vietnam || |- | Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
The Eight Trigrams | 奄 口麻 口尼 口八 口爾 口牛
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ || Chinese Characters Representing "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".
"The Eight Trigrams". || A Buddhist prayer and Daoist religious symbolism. || China and Vietnam || |- | Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum || 口奄 口麻 口尼 鉢
銘 洪 || "Om mani padme hum" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- | Me hum || 銘洪 || "Me hum" || A Buddhist prayer. || Vietnam || |- | | Chúa Xứ Thánh Mẫu
Châu Đốc
(Obverse in Latin script) || 母聖處主
朱篤
(Reverse in Traditional Chinese characters) || "Temple of the Region's Revered Lady"
"City of Châu Đốc" || A token coin issued by a Buddhist temple. || Vietnam ||

()

Reverse (Right): 母聖處主 Chúa 主 Xứ 處 Thánh 聖 Mẫu 母 朱篤 Châu 朱 Đốc 篤 Amulet made in Vietnam Distribution:

Marriage inscriptions sandbox

| Thái Bình Đồng Lạc || 太平同樂 || "Peace and Happiness Together" || A marriage inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Phu Phụ Hòa Hài
Tử Tôn Phồn Thịnh || 夫婦和諧
子孫繁盛 || "Husband and Wife, Harmonious Reverse"
"Children and Grand-Children in Abundance" || A marriage inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Ngư Song || 魚双 || "A pair of fish" || A marriage inscription. || Vietnam || |- | Liên Sinh Lục Tử || 連生六子 || "Wishing Continuous Births of Six Sons" || A wish for having male offspring. || China and Vietnam || |- | | Tung Bách Mệnh Gia
Thiên Hạ Thái Bình || 嵩百命家
天下太平 || "Lofty Life, Hundreds of Offspring"
"The Country at Peace" || A marriage inscription. || China and Vietnam ||