User:Donald Trung/Zhaona Xinbao/Article

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article Zhaona Xinbao and is preserved for both historical preservation and attribution. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 19:36, 20 September 2018 (UTC) .

Original draft

[[File:南宋招纳信宝铜钱.jpg|thumb|right|A Zhaona Xinbao (招納信寶) on display.]] The '''Zhaona Xinbao''' ({{zh|t=招納信寶|s=招纳信宝| hp=zhāo nà xìn bǎo| l=treasure| links=yes}}) is a special type of [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|Southern Song dynasty cash coin]] developed as a [[propaganda]] and [[psychological warfare]] tool for recruiting [[Defection|defectors]] from the army of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] around the year Shaoxing 1 (or the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian year]] 1131) under the reign of [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Emperor Gaozong]].<ref name="SinaCollections">{{cite web|url= https://collection.sina.cn/youbi/2018-04-10/detail-ifyzeypz9775311.d.html?from=wap|title= 招信纳宝：背上使银、铜钱.|date=10 April 2018|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= 新浪收藏|publisher= [[Sina Corp]].|language=zh-cn}}</ref> These special coins superficially resemble [[Cash (Chinese coin)|traditional Chinese cash coins]] but contain an inscription alluding to their intent, generally these Zhaona Xinbao tokens were made from [[bronze]] but in very rare cases they were also made from [[silver]] or [[gold]].<ref>Wybrand Op den Velde, "Cash coin index.", [[Amsterdam]], 1996.</ref> == History == {{Main|Jin–Song Wars}} In the year 1131 the military forces of the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasties]] were encamped opposite to each other on each side of the [[Yangtze River]], during the [[Summer]] of this year the forces of the Song dynasty were under the command of the governor of [[Hubei]] General [[Liu Guangshi]] ([[w:zh:刘光世|劉光世]], 1089–1142) while the forces of the Jin were under the command of [[Wan Yanchang]] ([[w:zh:完颜昌|完顏昌]]). As both armies were roughly equal in manpower both sides had trouble advancing on the other resulting in a [[stalemate]]. In order to break this stalemate Liu Guangshi decided to cast a special type of [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] in [[Jiangzhou (modern Jiangxi)|Jiangzhou]] (present day [[Jiujiang]], [[Jiangxi]]) which wasn't meant to circulate in the same manner as regular coinage but to encourage members of the Jin military to defect to the Song side. Akin to the types of Chinese cash coins [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|that were circulating at the time]] they were primarily made from the [[copper-alloy]] [[bronze]] while a very small number of them were made from [[silver]] and even less were made from [[gold]]. As a large portion of the Jin military was made up of conscripted [[Han Chinese]] soldiers, General Liu believed that these soldiers were probably in a state of [[homesickness]] and had more desire to return home than to fight for a [[Conquest dynasty|foreign power]]. To this end Liu Guangshi ordered the creation of special cash coins with the inscription Zhaona Xinbao (招納信寶) which could be translated as "Treasure (coin) that recruits (Jin dynasty) soldiers who desire to return to their home" and adopted a policy that these special cash coins could be used to show that their defection from the Jin Army.<ref>Hua Guangpu, Ed. "Zhongguo Guqian Mulu" ("The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Coins"), 1998, volume 2 "Sung to Ming", 481 p. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> When soldiers of the Jin Army were captured by the troops of Liu Guangshi rather than having them killed, he had them treated in a good manner and they were presented these Zhaona Xinbao coins and informed that anyone in possession of these coins could pass unhindered tov the Song camp and then if they choose return safely back to their home. The captured Jin servicemen were then given handed these Zhaona Xinbao coins and were informed after they return to the Jurchen camp that they could hand these over to their compatriots who desired to desert to the Song. These captured Jin soldiers then returned back to the Jin camp and secretly distributed these coins to other soldiers who also expressed a desire to defect.<ref name="SogouZhaonaXinbao">{{cite web|url= https://baike.sogou.com/m/v64535.htm?null|title= 招纳信宝.|date=2018|accessdate=19 September 2018|work= Sogou Encyclopedia (Sogou Baike).|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref>"Zhongguo Guqian Pu" ("Plates of Ancient Chinese Coins"), 1995, 534 p. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> These Zhaona Xinbao cash coins proved to be successful as they were instrumental in the desertion of tens of thousands of conscripted Jin soldiers to the Song Army, not all of the defected soldiers decided to use this opportunity to go back home but volunteered to fight on the side of the Song dynasty. The soldiers who deserted didn’t only include ethnic Han Chinese but also included [[Khitan people|Khitans]] and [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]]. These additional soldiers were organised into two newly created armies named the "[[Red Hearts (Song dynasty)|Read Hearts]]" (赤心, ''chì xīn'') and the "[[Army Appearing from Nowhere (Song dynasty)|Army Appearing from Nowhere]]" (奇兵, ''qí bīng''). The token coin proved to work and the enormous number of deserters forced the Jin general Wan Yanchang to call for his remaining troops to retreat. As the number of Zhaona Xinbao cash coins that was manufactured for this purpose was small and as they only "circulated" over a relatively small area not many authentic specimens are known to still exist today.<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/13/southern-song-coin-for-jin-army-defectors/|title= Southern Song Coin for Jin Army Defectors.|date=13 October 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> == Inscription == As the Zhaona Xinbao cash coins were manufactured to encourage conscripts from the Jin dynasty’s military to defect and make sure that their passage to the army camps of the Song dynasty was safe the inscription had to reflect this purpose. The inscription itself is written in a [[clockwise]] manner and the type of [[Chinese calligraphy]] used is [[regular script]]. The characters on the obverse side of these trust tokens translate as the following:<ref name="primaltrek"/><ref name="ChineseCoinageWebSite">{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/china/ssong-rebel.shtml|title= The Southern Song Dynasty Rebel Cash Coin.|date=3 October 2002|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Vladimir Belyaev |publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Translations |- | Zhao || 招 || 招 || To beckon, to summon, to recruit, to levy |- | Na || 納 || 纳 || To admit, to take, to receive, to accept |- | Xin || 信 || 信 || To trust, to believe, letter |- | Bao || 寶 || 宝 || Treasure, jewel, precious, rare |} The inscription "Zhaona Xinbao" could be translated as "Treasure ([[coin]]) that serves as a letter of introduction" or "Treasure (coin) that recruits (Jin dynasty) soldiers who desire to return to their home" based on the context. Another possible translation is "the bearer of this treasure (coin) is able to return (or submit) to the authority of the Song dynasty safely" as Dr. [[Ding Fubao]] (丁福保) suggests because "zhao na" (招纳) has the alternative meaning of “submitting to the authority of another” (歸附, ''guī fù'') in [[Mandarin Chinese]].<ref>[[Ding Fubao]] (丁福保) - "Dictionary of Ancient [Chinese] Coins" (古錢大辭典). (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>[[Ding Fubao]] (丁福保) - "Lidai Guqian Tushuo" ("The Charts of the Past Dynasties Ancient Coins"), 1997, with [[Ma Dingxiang]]'s comments. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> Alternative proposed [[English language|English]] translations of the inscription of the Zhaona Xinbao are "Trust Token for Recruits" by Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong and "Pass Coin" by David Jen.<ref name="GoogleBooksTrustTokens">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=QfWQB0peEWYC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=%22zhao+na+xin+bao%22&source=bl&ots=X9uIJJ6g0e&sig=xvN7obOs3enQS1DmD_jE5ke2B1c&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22zhao%20na%20xin%20bao%22&f=false|title= Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society (Arts of China).|date=1 April 2004|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong|publisher= [[Long River Press]] (preview hosted on [[Google Books]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>Jen, David "''Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide''", [[Krause Publications]], 2000, 352p.</ref> On the reverse side of these Zhaona Xinbao cash coins are two characters, one on the top above the square center hole and at the bottom below the square center hole. The top character always reads "Shi" (使){{efn|Could be translated as "cause", "send on a mission", "order", "envoy", "messenger", and/or "ambassador".}} which indicates that these tokens had a mission that served an official function. The character below the square hole is usually claimed to be "Shang" (上){{efn|Could be translated as "top", "superior", "highest", "go up", and/or "send up".}} but it seems to be a mirrored version of the character and no translation of it is known, general consensus among Chinese numismatists such as David Jen state that it in fact a [[signature]], the signer is unknown but it might have been Liu Guangshi himself.<ref>''Chinese cash'' by O. D. Cresswell. Publisher: [[Spink & Son]]. [[London]], 1971.</ref><ref name="Jianshu">{{cite web|url= https://www.jianshu.com/p/1d91f7d8d457|title= 稀世珍品银质“招纳信宝”与南宋襄樊之战.|date=25 July 2017|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= 醉古雅集|publisher= Jianshu|language=zh-cn}}</ref> On the silver version of the Zhaona Xinbao the "Shi" (使) is the same albeit diminutive in size however the character below the square center hole which is also presumed to be a signature resembles a "凵" (''kǎn'') with a "禾" (''hé'') in the middle.<ref name="primaltrek"/><ref>Zhonghua Zhenquan Zhuizong Lu (中華珍泉追蹤錄, ''zhōng huá zhēn quán zhuī zōng lù'')。 ("Chinese rare coins pursuit concordance"), 2001, [[Shanghai]], 293 p. {{ISBN|9787806225738}} (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> == Surviving specimens == Due to the relatively small area where these cash coin-like tokens "circulated" and their low production numbers not many Zhaona Xinbao cash coins exist today, a bronze Zhaona Xinbao could be sold for [[Chinese renminbi|¥]] 100,000 ([[United States dollar|$]] 14,000) in the year 2016. Meanwhile despite [[20th century]] Chinese numismatic works mentioning several silver and gold versions of the Zhaona Xinbao being in the hands of some [[Coin collecting|private collectors]] there whereabouts are all currently unknown and both their cultural and market values are considered to be "priceless".<ref>[[Baidu Baike]] (Baidu Encyclopedia) - [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%8B%9B%E7%BA%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%AE%9D?fr=aladdin#3 招纳信宝]。Retrieved: 20 September 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] written in [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> In 2006 the family of the well-known Chinese numismatist Ma Dingxiang (馬定祥) donated a Zhaona Xinbao cash coin to the [[Hangzhou Museum]] in [[Zhejiang]]. This Zhaona Xinbao cash coin is 26 millimeters in diameter and weighs 5 grams. Among the more easily observed characteristics of these cash coins is the fact that the "Bao" (寶) Chinese character could be described as being "unusually tall".<ref name="HangzhouMuseum">{{cite web|url= http://www.hzmuseum.com/collectioninfo.aspx?nid=253|title= 宋招信纳宝铜钱 .|date=16 September 2014|accessdate=20 September 2018|work= [[Hangzhou Museum]].|language=en}}</ref> Another bronze Zhaona Xinbao cash coin is in the collection of the [[National Museum of China]].<ref name="NationalMuseumOfChina">{{cite web|url= http://www.zgcdzx.com/html/201604/content_20524.htm|title= 贞观2016年春季大型艺术品拍卖会钱币精品推荐- 发布日期：2016-04-18信息来源: 北京贞观拍卖.|date=18 April 2016|accessdate=20 September 2018|work= 中国成都在线。|language=zh-cn}}</ref> During the early years of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] a silver Zhaona Xinbao was reported to be in the hands of Fang Dishan (方地山) which Yuan Hanyun (袁寒雲) describes as being a wee bit bigger than the bronze variant. After Fang's death in the year 1936 the fate of this specimen became unknown. A gold version of the Zhaona Xinbao was in the hands of Chen Rentao (陳仁濤) who died in 1968 and the fate of this specimen is also unknown. The gold version of the Zhaona Xinbao are classified as "first-class national cultural relics" (國家一級文物, ''guó jiā yī jí wén wù'') by the government of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="primaltrek"/> == See also == * [[Challenge coin]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. == External links == * [https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=5382 Image of a bronze Zhaona Xinbao] (Zeno Oriental Coins Database). {{Chinese exonumia}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{Song Dynasty topics}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Psychological warfare]] [[:Category:Jin–Song Wars]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Song dynasty]] .

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<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/13/southern-song-coin-for-jin-army-defectors/|title= Southern Song Coin for Jin Army Defectors.|date=13 October 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

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<ref name="GoogleBooksTrustTokens">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=QfWQB0peEWYC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=%22zhao+na+xin+bao%22&source=bl&ots=X9uIJJ6g0e&sig=xvN7obOs3enQS1DmD_jE5ke2B1c&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22zhao%20na%20xin%20bao%22&f=false|title= Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society (Arts of China).|date=1 April 2004|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong|publisher= [[Long River Press]] (preview hosted on [[Google Books]]).|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChineseCoinageWebSite">{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/china/ssong-rebel.shtml|title= The Southern Song Dynasty Rebel Cash Coin.|date=3 October 2002|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Vladimir Belyaev |publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru).|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChineseCoinageWebSiteZhaonaXinbao">{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/china/ssong-rebel.shtml|title= The Southern Song Dynasty Rebel Cash Coin.|date=3 October 2002|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Vladimir Belyaev |publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru).|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekZhaonaXinbao">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/13/southern-song-coin-for-jin-army-defectors/|title= Southern Song Coin for Jin Army Defectors.|date=13 October 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="GoogleBooksTrustTokens">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=QfWQB0peEWYC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=%22zhao+na+xin+bao%22&source=bl&ots=X9uIJJ6g0e&sig=xvN7obOs3enQS1DmD_jE5ke2B1c&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22zhao%20na%20xin%20bao%22&f=false|title= Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society (Arts of China).|date=1 April 2004|accessdate=20 September 2018|author= Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong|publisher= [[Long River Press]] (preview hosted on [[Google Books]]).|language=en}}</ref>

(Additional) Sources to use

招纳信宝 (Sogou Encyclopedia). Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:23, 19 September 2018 (UTC)