Recovery and tolerance mechanisms
editFor hyper-osmotic stress
editCalcium plays a large role in the recovery and tolerance for both hyper and hypo-osmotic stress situations. Under hyper-osmotic stress conditions, increased levels of intracellular calcium are exhibited. This may play a crucial role in the activation of second messenger pathways.[1]
Specifically, MAP Kinase Hog-1 is a second messenger molecule that is activated under hyper-osmotic stress conditions.[2] It is responsible for an increase in the production of glycerol within the cell succeeding osmotic stress.[2]
For hypo-osmotic stress
editHypo-osmotic stress recovery is largely mediated by the influx and efflux of several ions and molecules. After hypo-osmotic stress, cell recovery has shown to be consistent with an influx of extracellular Calcium.[3] This influx of calcium may alter the cell's permeability[3]. Recovery may also be mediated by calcium dependent efflux of the osmolyte Taurine. Extracellular calcium removal was found to prevent Taurine efflux by 50%, and removal of extracellular Ca2+ and simultaneous depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin decreased it by 85%.
Additionally, some organisms have been shown to use phenothiazines to regulate and prevent the efflux of amino acids. Changes in the cell's permeability allows the efflux of amino acids during recovery[3].
Hypo-osmotic stress is correlated with extracellular ATP release. ATP is used to activate purinergic receptors[4]. These receptors regulate sodium and potassium levels on either side of the cell membrane.
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editReferences
edit- ^ "Hyper-osmotic stress induces volume change and calcium transients in chondrocytes by transmembrane, phospholipid, and G-protein pathways".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "MAP Kinase Hog1 Regulates Metabolic Changes Induced by Hyperosmotic Stress".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c "A ca2+ Influx in Response to Hypo-Osmotic Stress May Alter Osmolyte Permeability by a Phenothiazine-Sensitive Mechanism".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Hyposmotic Stress Causes ATP Release and Stimulates Na,K‐ATPase Activity in Porcine Lens".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Peer Reviews
edit- This is probably part of a different article, but maybe you could include definitions of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Or just link them to the articles that define them.
- This is a great idea! I'll be sure to include links to those articles. I want those concepts to be understood, but don't want them to take over this article.
- Maybe explain what role glycerol plays in helping the cell overcome osmotic stress (in the For hyper-osmotic stress section). Bizzers03 (talk) 19:12, 28 November 2021 (UTC)
- Also a good idea. I'm looking into this.