User:Edguy99/Matter and Energy

An electron left right oscillation through a proton

A computer model of Matter and Energy - Abstract

Computer modeling and animation software requires that a position of electrons and protons be fixed in space and obey rules that determine where things will be over time. This model of matter and energy assumes a world made up of tiny electrons and large empty proton shells. Using the Shell theorem as support, a world is modelled where the electrons do not feel an attraction to the proton once inside the proton shell.

Since neither the proton or the electron are point charges, we do not see any effects of an uncertainty principle and are able to track particle positions, velocities and forces with as much accuracy as is desired. The Pauli exclusion principle is a natural conseqence of this model as the charge force limits the number of electrons in the various energy orbitals.

The Laws

Fundamental Particles

1. Electrons - 3fm radius with a negative charge.
2. Proton Shells - 53000fm radius empty shell with a positive charge.
3. Neutron Shells - 53000fm radius empty shell with no charge.
4. Photons - Long (length depends on energy) skinny rays of energy that travel at the speed of light.

Protons and Neutrons have a mass that is 1836 times the mass of the electron. Shells can float through each other and electrons can fly through or in and out of a proton shell. Electrons being much lighter then protons, fly around at a much faster speed then protons or neutrons.

Electromagnetic Forces (electrons and protons)

1. Repulsive force between electrons inversely proportional to the squared distance between them.
2. Repulsive force between protons that is inversely proportional to the squared distance between them.
3. Electrons and protons are attracted inversely proportional to the squared distance between them if the electron is outside the proton shell. The electron feels no force from the proton while it is inside the proton.

Electrons tend to get trapped in multiple proton shells providing the structure we see as matter.

The Strong and the Weak Force (protons and neutrons)

1. Proton shells can be stacked or layered if insulated with neutron shells.
2. Proton shells consist of 3 layers of charge or quarks such that the net difference in charge between quarks is one. Specifically, a proton consists of +2/3, -1/3 and +2/3 layers or quarks in that order.
3. Neutron shells are the same size and mass as proton shells but with zero charge. Their quarks or layers are arranged as -1/3 +2/3 -1/3 when the neutron is acting as an insulator between two protons. Only certain combinations of proton/neutron stacks are stable.

Light and energy (photons and electrons)

1. Photons are created in the process of electrons moving from one energy state to another and retain an image of the spin of the electron that created it in the photons polarity.
2. The length of a photon is inversely proportional to its energy and travels at the speed of light.
3. A photon hitting a low energy electron will wrap itself up on an electron through electron spin. The outward centrifugal force equals the inward pull of gravity at the surface of an electron at the speed of light.
4. A photon hitting a high energy electron will cause a second "stimulated" photon to unwrap from the electron creating a duplicate of itself.

Chemistry

Forms of Hydrogen

With this model, electrons tend to get trapped inside protons since coulomb forces come into play should the electron get out. The construction of the stable forms of hydrogen demonstrate the principles of chemical bonding. In H2+, two protons are held together by one electron trapped within each proton. In H-, two electrons are trapped on either edge of one proton. Two neutral hydrogen atoms are naturally attracted to each other and can form two different stable forms - Ortho and Para.

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  H2+ cation (base)
• 
  H- anion (acid)
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  Para Hydrogen
• 
  Ortho Hydrogen

Hydrogen and Carbon Bonding

Marking orbitals (most likely location of electrons) and holes in these orbitals (most likely location to attract an electron) allows all matter to be constructed in its proper form and properties studied. Bonds are constructed by balancing the attraction of the electrons and holes balanced by forces pushing the protons apart.

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  H-H Covalent 74pm
  436 Kj/mol
• 
  C-H Colvalent 109pm
  413 Kj/mol
• 
  C-C Covalent 154pm
  348 Kj/mol
• 
  C-C Double 134pm
  614 Kj/mol

For more detail visit Constructing Organic Molecules in 3-D.

Nuclear Physics

Building heavier elements

Heavier elements are built with layers of proton shells seperated by neutron shells. The protons remain the same size, but the layering allows for much heavier and higher charges. Shells of protons and neutrons are held together with the strong force.

Nuclear decay

Changes in quarks are determined by the weak force. A free neutron will decay to a proton and an electron (plus charge carriers) as the outside charge builds up and the inside charge collapses. The process takes about 10 minutes. The illustations below show the decay of Carbon14 isotope to Nitrogen14 with arrows pointing to the quark change. The half-life for Carbon14 is 5730 years .

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  Carbon12/13/14 Isotopes
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  Nitrogen13/14/15 Isotopes

Light and Optics

What a photon looks like

The atomic spectrum is built using photons. Photons can have different energies and polarizations. The image below of an ultraviolet photon, enlarges the polarization to allow both polarization and length (or crest of one wavelength) to be shown in the same image. This photon contains 10.2 Evolts of energy and is shown 61 nanometers in length (the crest of one 122 nanometer wavelength). The wavy polarization is only 3 femtometers high.

If the electron passes from one energy level to a lower one, if it has sufficient spin, it will emit a photon (ray of light). This photon will have the same energy as the difference in energy of the 2 orbitals the electron just passed through. The length of the photon (color) is related to this energy difference via the Planck constant.

Photon creation and destruction

The polarization of the photon remains an image of the original spin of the electron. The photon emmission events conserve both angular momentum and total energy. Photons can be absorbed by electrons with low spin or can simulate an emmission of an identical photon if it encounters an electron with a high spin.