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editGeneral Description:
editDiapleuridae is a family of five extinct species of marine glass sponges found in the Caribbean Sea, Florida Straits, Banda Sea, and US Virgin Islands. A sixth species–Diapleura hatoni–is postulated to have existed around the same time as the other five, but there is limited research on it. Diapleuridae is part of class Hexactinellida and order Lyssacinosida.[1] These sponges lived during the Middle Epoch of the Eocene and were filter feeders that were attached to the benthos by a basal disc. The oldest recorded fossil of a species of diapluridae is from 47.8 million years ago, with the most recent fossil dated 41.3 million years ago.
Ecology:
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These species lived on the benthos of the ocean in the epipelagic, between about 200 and 500 meters in depth. The individual sponge is roughly 30mm in height and 25mm in width, surrounded by a silica coating that creates the “glass” exterior.[2] All species of this family were suspension feeders, primarily feeding on plankton and other suspended materials.[2] As with all Porifera, diaplueridae are thought to have consisted of choanoflagellates within their central cavity to produce water currents that bring nutrient-rich water into the sponge to feed.
The sponge is firmly within class Hexactinellida–hexa meaning six and is attributed to the six (and occasionally four) silica spicules that make up the sponge’s skeleton,[3][4] as well as it's “triaxonic symmetry.”[5] Hexactinellida are different from other classes of sponges because of their more diverse set of morphological characteristic and complex skeletal structure.[6] This class has an array of spicule types that vary among specific species.[6] Most of what is known about these species comes from the knowledge of their class and order. Class Lyssacinoside is characterized by either their unfused spicules as adults or without the typical framework.[7]
The species Coronispongia confossa are indigenous to their region and live between the middle and outdoor edges of shallow-water carbonate ramps with heterogeneous substrates.[4] Along with this specific species, all five (and potentially six) species of diaplueridae are autochthonous, although modes of attachment and depth/location of the sponge species vary.[6] Today there are roughly 500 species of sponges under the class Hexactinellida and vary between 200 and 2,000 meters in depth,[8] although no species of diapleuridae remains.
As to the makeup of the family, Scleroplegma maasi, one species of diapleuridae, has “ridge-like tracts” of the skeleton running vertically about the fossil.[2] The sponge has a smooth gastral cavity that varies in thickness. The skeleton consists of a “gastral-skeletal” with branching ridges surrounding it.[2] The branches form a net-like structure of funnel-like calyxes.[2] The excurrent and incurrent parts of the sponge are thought to be formed through the same tubule–unlike other species within the genus where both tubules are distinctly separate–and are thought to be the cause of the gaps within the tube wall of the sponge.[2]
Notable Work
editFew expeditions have been done on diapleuridae sponges, which attribute to the lack of information about the family. The first recorded study was done by a German scientist in the Caribbean Sea and US Virgin Islands in the late 1870s. Oscar Schmidt studied and coined two of the six species, Scleroplegma lanterna and Scleroplegma herculeum in 1879 and 1880 respectively. During his study, he noted the rough texture of the fossils as well as the conical shape of the species. The most intensive research was carried out by Isao Ijimi in 1927 on his cruise of the Caribbean Sea, his published works culminated in his book The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition which was published in 1927. More recent work using museum samples includes that of Vivianna Frisone and her team during 2016 in Italy, where the species Coronispongia confossa was identified and studied.
References
edit- ^ Dohrmann, Martin; Janussen, Dorte; Reitner, Joachim; Collins, Allen G.; Wörheide, Gert (2008-06-01). Anderson, Frank (ed.). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Glass Sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida)". Systematic Biology. 57 (3): 388–405. doi:10.1080/10635150802161088. ISSN 1076-836X.
- ^ a b c d e f Ijima, Isao (1927). In The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 318–20.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "What is a glass sponge?". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ a b Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ^ Dohrmann, Martin; Kelley, Christopher; Kelly, Michelle; Pisera, Andrzej; Hooper, John N. A.; Reiswig, Henry M. (2017-03-21). "An integrative systematic framework helps to reconstruct skeletal evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida)". Frontiers in Zoology. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0191-3. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 5359874. PMID 28331531.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Dohrmann, Martin; Janussen, Dorte; Reitner, Joachim; Collins, Allen G.; Wörheide, Gert (2008-06-01). Anderson, Frank (ed.). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Glass Sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida)". Systematic Biology. 57 (3): 388–405. doi:10.1080/10635150802161088. ISSN 1076-836X.
- ^ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), "Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1387–1387, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2022-04-20
- ^ Bett, B. J.; Rice, A. L. (1992-11). "The influenceof hexactinellid sponge ( Pheronema carpenteri ) spicules on the patchy distribution of macrobenthos in the porcupine seabight (bathyal ne atlantic)". Ophelia. 36 (3): 217–226. doi:10.1080/00785326.1992.10430372. ISSN 0078-5326.
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Schmidt, O. Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (Und des caraibischen Meeres). Abtheilung I. Heft I. Pp. 1-32, pls I-IV. In:Reports on the dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the USCSS ‘Blake'. (Gustav Fischer: Jena). (1879).
"Zoology Accessions Register: Spongiida: 1938 - 1954: page 36" - Auloplegma lanterna Schmidt, 1879 collected in Cuba by The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London (licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Becerro, Mikel A., Jesús Uriz Lespe María, Alemán Manuel Maldonado, and Xavier Turon Barrera. Advances in Sponge Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology. 61. Vol. 61. Amsterdam etc: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012.