User:Erutuon/Voiceless alveolar stop

The voiceless alveolar stop is a consonant sound used in many languages.

Phonetic variants

Place of articulation

Primary

• dental ⟨t̪⟩
• alveolar ⟨t͇⟩
• postalveolar ⟨t̠⟩

Secondary

• labialized ⟨tʷ⟩
• palatalized ⟨tʲ⟩
• labiopalatalized ⟨tᶣ⟩
• velarized ⟨tˠ⟩
• pharyngealized ⟨tˤ⟩
• glottalized ⟨tˀ⟩

Length

• short ⟨t⟩
• half-long ⟨tˑ⟩
• long or geminated ⟨tː⟩

Tenseness

• lenis, lax ⟨d̥⟩ (voiceless diacritic on symbol for voiced stop)
• fortis, tense ⟨tˑ⟩, ⟨tː⟩, or ⟨t͈⟩

Voice-onset time

• voiced ⟨t̬⟩
• tenuis ⟨t˭⟩
• aspirated ⟨tʰ⟩

Release

• lateral release ⟨tˡ⟩
• nasal release ⟨tⁿ⟩
• no audible release ⟨t̚⟩

Phonology

Distinctive features

Major

• [-syllabic]
• [+consonantal]
• [-approximant]
• [-sonorant]

Laryngeal

• [-voice]
• [+/- spread glottis]
• [? constricted glottis]

Manner

• [-continuant]
• [-nasal]
• [+/-lateral]

Place

• [CORONAL]
• [? anterior]
• [? distributed]

Phonemes

Phonation

Mandarin Chinese

• tenuis /t/
• aspirated /tʰ/

Thai

• tenuis /t/
• aspirated /tʰ/
• (voiced /d/)

Articulation

Estonian

• plain /t/
• palatalized /tʲ/

Russian, Lithuanian

• (plain dental /t/)
• palatalized alveolar /tʲ/

Ubykh, Abkhaz

• plain /t/
• labialized /tʷ/

Other distinctions

Chechen

• aspirated /tʰ/
• geminated or fortis /tː/
• pharyngealized /tˤ/
• pharyngealized geminated /tˤː/

Allophony

English

• at beginning of stressed syllable
  • aspirated [tʰ]
• after /s/
  • tenuis [t]
• after stressed vowel
  • lenited [ɾ] (American English)
• at end of syllable
  • tenuis [t]
  • unreleased [t̚]
  • glottalized [tˀ]
  • debuccalized [ʔ]

Japanese

• /t/
  • plain [t]
  • lenited [ts] before /u/
  • palatalized [tɕ] before /i/

Sound changes

Palatalization

English

• /tj/ > /tʃ/ (yod-coalescence)
  • nature /neɪ.tjuːr/ > /neɪtʃər/

Lenition

American English

• /t/ > [ɾ] (rhotacism, intervocalic alveolar-flapping)
  • /wɑtər/ > [wɑɾɚ]

Welsh

• /t/ > /d/ (soft mutation)