User:Ewingdo/sandbox/DIG trial

DIG Trial
DIG Trial
Type of project	Multicenter clinical trial
Country	USA and Canada
Established	1990s
Disestablished	1990s
Funding	Burroughs Wellcome and NHLBI
Status	Completed

The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known as the 4S study), was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which provided the initial data that supported the use of the cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, in people with a moderately raised cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD); that is people who had previously had a heart attack or angina. The study was sponsored by the pharmaceutical company Merck and enrolled 4,444 people from 94 centres in Scandinavia.^[1]^[2]

Before the 4S study, it was not proven that lowering cholesterol could prolong life in people who had CHD.^[3] The study concluded that secondary prevention with simvastatin in a high risk group with CHD reduced overall mortality by 30%.^[3] Published in The Lancet in 1994, it is considered a "landmark paper".^[3]^[4]

Objective

The 4S multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled 4,444 people chosen from 7,027 people who had been followed up for two months after being given dietary advice.^[2] The objective of the study was to assess the effect of a cholesterol-lowering drug called simvastatin on mortality and morbidity in people with a history of a previous heart attack or angina, who also had a moderately raised cholesterol; between 5.5 and 8.0 mmol/L.^[1]^[5]^[6]

A second objective was to investigate whether the incidence of major coronary artery disease events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and sudden death) could be reduced with simvastatin.^[2]

Study details

The participants, all at high risk of death from CHD and death in general,^[5] were selected from 94 clinical centers in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden from 1988 to 1989, and were aged between 35 and 70 years, with the average age being 59.^[2]^[7] Of the 4,444 people enrolled in the study, 3,617 were men and 827 women,^[5] 2,223 were randomly assigned a placebo and 2,221 were given 20 to 40 mg of simvastatin daily.^[1] The plan was to follow the participants for a minimum of three years or until such a time as total mortality reached 440 deaths.^[2]^[5] In practice, the study carried for a median period of 5.4 years.^[3]

Results

Atheroma blocking an artery lumen^[8]

After 5.4 years, compared to the group that were given placebo, the simvastatin group demonstrated a 35% reduction in LDL-C and 30% reduction in overall mortality.^[1]^[3] The risk of hospital-verified non-fatal myocardial infarction reduced by 37% and fatal and non-fatal cerebrovascular events (stroke and TIA) lessened by 28%.^[1] 30 people would need to be treated with simvastatin to prevent one death; number needed to treat around 30.^[3] There were no extra deaths from other non-cardiac causes such as cancer or trauma.^[3]^[9] The trial also showed benefits in diabetes, women and older people.^[3]

A follow-up of treatment with simvastatin for up to eight years was published in 2000.^[7] Ten years after the start of the 4S trial, a follow-up study published on 28 August 2004 in The Lancet, revealed that of those 2,221 people who continued to take simvastatin, there was a further reduction in number of deaths from CHD when compared to those who had switched from placebo to statin at the five year mark.^[7]^[10] The overall mortality also reduced by 15% at the 10 year mark.^[3]^[7]

Conclusion

The study concluded that secondary prevention with simvastatin in a high risk group with CHD reduced overall mortality by 30%. Non-fatal CHD events and fatal and non-fatal cerebrovascular events were reduced without an increase in risk of cancer.^[3]

Response

Published in The Lancet in 1994, the 4S trial, had an immediate influence on medical opinion,^[9] and is considered a "landmark paper".^[3]^[4]^[11] Several other large multicenter clinical trials followed, leading to widespread use of simvastatin.^[3]

Data from the 4S trial has frequently been used to analyse the cost-effectiveness of simvastatin in secondary prevention.^[12]^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Frishman, William H.; Cheng-Lai, Angela; Nawarskas, James (2005). "11. Lipd-lowering drugs". Current Cardiovascular Drugs. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 307. ISBN 1-57340-221-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Design and baseline results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study of patients with stable angina and/or previous myocardial infarction". The American Journal of Cardiology. 71 (5): 393–400. 15 February 1993. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90438-i. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 8430625.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Myat, Aung; Gershlick, A. H.; Gershlick, Tony (2012). Landmark Papers in Cardiovascular Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-959476-4.
^ ^a ^b Reynolds, L. A.; Tansey, E. M., eds. (2006). Cholesterol, atherosclerosis and coronary disease in the UK, 1950–2000; Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine (PDF). Vol. 27. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. ISBN 978-085484-107-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Thompson, Andrew; Shergill, Iqbal S.; Temple, N. (2011). Ethics, Medical Research, and Medicine: Commercialism versus Environmentalism and Social Justice. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-010-0794-8.
^ Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group (19 November 1994). "Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)". The Lancet. 344 (8934): 1383–1389. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90566-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 7968073. S2CID 5965882.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pedersen, Terje R.; Wilhelmsen, Lars; Færgeman, Ole; Strandberg, Timo E.; Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur; Troedsson, Linda; Kristianson, Johan; Berg, Kåre; Cook, Thomas J.; Haghfelt, Torben; Kjekshus, John (1 August 2000). "Follow-up study of patients randomized in the scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S) of cholesterol lowering". The American Journal of Cardiology. 86 (3): 257–262. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00910-3. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 10922429.
^ "Atheroma". Scientific Animations. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Thompson, G. R. (1 February 2009). "History of the cholesterol controversy in Britain". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 102 (2): 81–86. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn158. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 19042967.
^ Wood, Shelley (27 August 2004). "Ten-year outcomes from 4S study". Medscape. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
^ Jameson, J. Larry; Groot, Leslie J. De (2015). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2.
^ Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M. (2007). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-7817-7012-5.
^ Jönsson, B.; Johannesson, M.; Kjekshus, J.; Olsson, A. G.; Pedersen, T. R.; Wedel, H. (July 1996). "Cost-effectiveness of cholesterol lowering. Results from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)". European Heart Journal. 17 (7): 1001–1007. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014994. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 8809516.