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User:Ffallon2/Russian floating nuclear power station

< User:Ffallon2
"Floating nuclear power station" redirects here. For the earlier station operated in the Panama Canal Zone, see MH-1A.
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Model of the Project 20870 (back) with a desalination unit (front)
Class overview
BuildersBaltic Shipyard
OperatorsRosatom
Built2007-2018
In service19 December 2019-present
Plannedat least 7
Completed1
Active1
General characteristics
TypeNuclear power station barge
Displacement21,500 tonnes
Length144.4 m (474 ft)
Beam30 m (98 ft)
Height10 m (33 ft)
Draught5.6 m (18 ft)
Propulsionnone
Crew69
Notes2 modified KLT-40S nuclear reactors (icebreaker type) producing 70 MW electric or 300 MW heat power

Floating nuclear power stations (Russian: плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ - lit. floating combined heat and power (CHP) low-power nuclear station) are vessels designed by Rosatom. They are self-contained, low-capacity, floating nuclear power plants. The stations are to be mass-produced at shipbuilding facilities and then towed to the destination ports of the cities and towns experiencing deficit of power due to industrialization.

The work on such projects dates back to MH-1A in the United States, which was built in the 1960s into the hull of a World War II Liberty Ship; however, the Rosatom project is the first floating nuclear power plant intended for mass production. The initial plan was to manufacture at least seven of the vessels by 2015.[1] On 14 September 2019, Russia’s first-floating nuclear power plant, Akademik Lomonosov, arrived to its permanent location in the Chukotka region.[2] It started operation on 19 December 2019.[3]

History

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See also: Akademik Lomonosov

The project for a floating power station began in 2000, when the Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (Rosatom) chose Severodvinsk in Arkhangelsk Oblast as the construction site, Sevmash was appointed as general contractor.[4] Construction of the first power station, the Akademik Lomonosov, started on 15 April 2007 at the Sevmash Submarine-Building Plant in Severodvinsk. In August 2008 construction works were transferred to the Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg, which is also responsible for the construction of future vessels.[5] Akademik Lomonosov was launched on 1 July 2010,[6] at an estimated cost of 6 billion rubles (232 m$).[7] In 2015 construction of a second vessel starting in 2019 was announced by Russia's state nuclear corporation Rosatom.[8]

Technical characteristics

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The floating nuclear power station is a non-self propelled vessel. It has length of 144.4 metres (474 ft), width of 30 metres (98 ft), height of 10 metres (33 ft), and draught of 5.6 metres (18 ft). The vessel has a displacement of 21,500 tonnes and a crew of 69 people.[4][9]

Each vessel of this type has two modified KLT-40 naval propulsion reactors together providing up to 70 MW of electricity or 300 MW of heat, or cogeneration of electricity and heat for district heating, enough for a city with a population of 200,000 people. It could also be modified as a desalination plant producing 240,000 cubic meters of fresh water a day.[10][11] Smaller modification of the plant will be fitted with two ABV-6M reactors with the electrical power around 18 MWe (megawatts of electricity).[12]

The much larger VBER-300 917 MW thermal or 325 MWe[13] and the slightly larger RITM-200 55 MWe reactors have both been considered as a potential energy source for these floating nuclear power stations.[14]

Contractors

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The hull and sections of vessels are built by the Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. Reactors are designed by OKBM Afrikantov and assembled by Nizhniy Novgorod Research and Development Institute Atomenergoproekt (both part of Atomenergoprom).[4][5][15] The reactor vessels are produced by Izhorskiye Zavody.[15] Kaluga Turbine Plant supplies the turbo-generators.[4][5]

Fueling

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The floating power stations need to be refueled every three years while saving up to 200,000 metric tons of coal and 100,000 tons of fuel oil a year. The reactors are supposed to have a lifespan of 40 years. Every 12 years, the whole plant will be towed home and overhauled at the wharf where it was constructed. The manufacturer will arrange for the disposal of the nuclear waste and maintenance is provided by the infrastructure of the Russian nuclear industry. Thus, virtually no radiation traces are expected at the place where the power station produced its energy.[10][11]

Safety

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Environmental groups and citizens are concerned that floating plants will be more vulnerable to accidents, natural disasters specific to oceans, and terrorism than land-based stations. They point to a history of naval and nuclear accidents in Russia and the former Soviet Union, including the Chernobyl disaster of 1986.[16] Russia does have 50 years of experience operating a fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers that are also used for scientific and Arctic tourism expeditions. However earlier incidents (Lenin, 1957, and Taymyr, 2011) involving radioactive leaking from such vessels also contribute to safety concerns for FNPPs. Commercialization of floating nuclear power plants in the United States have failed due to high costs and safety concerns.

The safety systems of the KLT-40S are designed according to six principles involving the reactor design itself, physical successive systems of protection and containment, self-activating active and passive safety systems, self-diagnostic automatic systems, reliable diagnostics relating to equipment and systems status, and provisioned methods regarding accident control. Additionally, the safety systems on board operate independently of the plant’s power supply.

Locations

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Floating nuclear power stations are planned to be used mainly in the Russian Arctic. Five of these will be used by Gazprom for offshore oil and gas field development and for operations on the Kola and Yamal peninsulas.[5] Other locations include Dudinka on the Taymyr Peninsula, Vilyuchinsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Pevek on the Chukchi Peninsula.[10] In 2007, Rosatom signed an agreement with the Sakha Republic to build a floating plant for its northern parts, using smaller ABV reactors.[5]

According to Rosatom, 15 countries, including China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria, Sudan, Namibia, Cape Verde and Argentina, have shown interest in hiring such a device.[1][5] It has been estimated that 75% of the world's population live within 100 miles of a port city.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Россия построит серию плавучих АЭС (Russia will build series of floating NPS)" (in Russian). Vzglyad. 15 April 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  2. ^ "Russia's first sea-borne nuclear power plant arrives to its base". Reuters. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Russia connects floating plant to grid". World Nuclear News. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "Floating power generating plant of nuclear station of small capacity". Sevmash. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Russia relocates construction of floating power plant". World Nuclear News. 11 August 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  6. ^ Stolyarova, Galina (1 July 2010). "Nuclear Power Vessel Launched". The St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  7. ^ "World Nuclear Association - World Nuclear News". www.world-nuclear-news.org.
  8. ^ "Russia announces second floating nuclear plant as new problems plague its first". Bellona.org. 26 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Two floating nuclear plants for Chukotka". World Nuclear News. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  10. ^ a b c Плавучая АЭС обогнала Америку. Новый проект российских атомщиков [Floating Nuclear Power Stations. Russia overcame America. New project by Russian Nuclear Scientists] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 April 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Russia to Build World's First Floating Nuclear Power Station for $200,000". MOS news. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  12. ^ "Floating a nuclear power plant in Yakutia". World Nuclear News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  13. ^ "Status report 66 - VBER-300 (VBER-300)" (PDF). aris.iaea.org. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Nuclear Power in Russia". World Nuclear Association. December 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  15. ^ a b "Reactors ready for floating plant". World Nuclear News. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  16. ^ Halpin, Tony (17 April 2007). "Floating nuclear power stations raise spectre of Chernobyl at sea". The Times. London. Retrieved 8 November 2008.

Further reading

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