Sortase B
editSortases are membrane anchored enzyme that sort these surface proteins onto the bacterial cell surface and anchor them to the peptidoglycan[1]. There are different types of sortases and each catalyse the anchoring of different proteins to cell walls.[2]
It is very important for bacteria to acquire iron during infection[3], Iron is perhaps the most important micronutrient required for bacteria to proliferate and cause disease. Sortase B, is a 246 amino acids polypeptide with putative N-terminal membrane anchor and an active site cysteine located within the TLXTC signature motif of sortases[4][5]. It appears these enzymes are dedicated to helping the bacteria acquire iron by anchoring iron acquisition proteins to the cell membrane[6][7] Sortase B recognises and cleaves the NPQTN motif[8][9]. It links IsDC to mature assemble peptidoglycan[10], IsDC remains burried in the within the cell wall not surface located like IsDA and IsDB anchored by Sortase A. This whole system work together to scavenge iron from haemoglobin.[9]
Sortase B (strB) catalyses the cell wall sorting reaction in which a surface protein with a sorting signal containing a NXTN motif is cleaved.
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C60.
Structure
editSrtB overall structure is conserved in different gram positive bacteria. The overall structure of SrtB in S. aureus as shown the figure, consists of a unique eight stranded β-barrel core structure and a two helix subdomain at the N-terminal end. SrtB is similar in structure to SrtA with rmsd of 1.25Å but SrtB have a more peripheral helices[6] It has an N-terminal helical bundle and an α-helix between β6 and β7 .The N-terminal extension present in SrtB relative to SrtA is very significant. It is known to place the two termini on the same side of the protein. This is believed to result in a different orientation of the protein on the surface of the cell, potentially affecting substrate access[6].
Catalysis
editThe sortase B catalyses a cell wall sorting reaction with a surface protein where a signal NXTN motif is cleaved. In the result, C-end of the protein is covalently attached to a pentaglycine cross-bridge through an amide linkage, thus tethering the C-terminus of protein A to the cell wall. [11] It cleaves the protein precursor molecule at the NPQTN motif. The peptide bond between T and N of NPQTN sorting motif is cleaved to form a tetrahedral acyl intermediate. The amino groups of the pentaglycine cross-bridges linked to the lipid II peptidoglycan precursor molecules is thought to function as a nucleophile resolving acyl intermediates and creating an amide bond between the surface protein and lipid II with subsequent incorporation of this intermediate into the cell wall envolope.
Biological Role
editSurface Protein of Gram-positive bacteria play important role during pathogenesis of human infections [7][1], such as Clostridium difficile infection. These surface/adhesion proteins mediate the initial attachment of bacteria to host tissues. These proteins are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall. As more and more pathogens become resistant to antibiotics, inhibition of sortases may offer a novel strategy against gram-positive bacterial infections[12]. SrtB in particular has gained much attention and is recognized as a promising target[13] and deletion of it's gene in gram-positive bacteria will lead to serious virulence defects. Crystal structures of these SrtB enzymes from different species has been solved with ligands/inhibitors bound to their active site. With knowledge of the active site, the development of better therapeutics against these bacteria species can be done.
References
edit- ^ a b Cossart, P.; Jonquieres, R. (2000-05-09). "Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against Gram-positive bacteria?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (10): 5013–5015. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5013. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ^ Ton-That, Hung; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.; Faull, Kym F.; Schneewind, Olaf (2000-03-31). "Anchoring of Surface Proteins to the Cell Wall of Staphylococcus aureus SORTASE CATALYZED IN VITRO TRANSPEPTIDATION REACTION USING LPXTG PEPTIDE AND NH2-GLY3SUBSTRATES". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (13): 9876–9881. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9876. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10734144.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Maresso, Anthony W.; Chapa, Travis J.; Schneewind, Olaf (2006-12-01). "Surface Protein IsdC and Sortase B Are Required for Heme-Iron Scavenging of Bacillus anthracis". Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (23): 8145–8152. doi:10.1128/JB.01011-06. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 17012401.
- ^ Mazmanian, Sarkis K.; Ton‐That, Hung; Schneewind, Olaf (2001). "Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus". Molecular Microbiology. 40 (5): 1049–1057. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02411.x. ISSN 1365-2958.
- ^ Ilangovan, Udayar; Ton-That, Hung; Iwahara, Junji; Schneewind, Olaf; Clubb, Robert T. (2001-05-22). "Structure of sortase, the transpeptidase that anchors proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (11): 6056–6061. doi:10.1073/pnas.101064198. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 11371637.
- ^ a b c Bradshaw, William J.; Davies, Abigail H.; Chambers, Christopher J.; Roberts, April K.; Shone, Clifford C.; Acharya, K. Ravi (2015). "Molecular features of the sortase enzyme family". The FEBS Journal. 282 (11): 2097–2114. doi:10.1111/febs.13288. ISSN 1742-4658.
- ^ a b Zong, Yinong; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.; Schneewind, Olaf; Narayana, Sthanam V. L. (2004-03-16). "The Structure of Sortase B, a Cysteine Transpeptidase that Tethers Surface Protein to the Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall". Structure. 12 (1): 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.11.021. ISSN 0969-2126. PMID 14725770.
- ^ Bentley, Matthew L.; Gaweska, Helena; Kielec, Joseph M.; McCafferty, Dewey G. (2007-03-02). "Engineering the Substrate Specificity of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A THE β6/β7 LOOP FROM SrtB CONFERS NPQTN RECOGNITION TO SrtA". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (9): 6571–6581. doi:10.1074/jbc.M610519200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 17200112.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Mazmanian, Sarkis K.; Ton-That, Hung; Su, Kenneth; Schneewind, Olaf (2002-02-19). "An iron-regulated sortase anchors a class of surface protein during Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (4): 2293–2298. doi:10.1073/pnas.032523999. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 11830639.
- ^ Marraffini, Luciano A.; DeDent, Andrea C.; Schneewind, Olaf (2006-03-01). "Sortases and the Art of Anchoring Proteins to the Envelopes of Gram-Positive Bacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (1): 192–221. doi:10.1128/MMBR.70.1.192-221.2006. ISSN 1092-2172. PMID 16524923.
- ^ Bierne, Hélène; Garandeau, Caroline; Pucciarelli, M. Graciela; Sabet, Christophe; Newton, Salete; Portillo, Francisco Garcia-del; Cossart, Pascale; Charbit, Alain (2004-04-01). "Sortase B, a New Class of Sortase in Listeria monocytogenes". Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (7): 1972–1982. doi:10.1128/JB.186.7.1972-1982.2004. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 15028680.
- ^ Spirig, Thomas; Weiner, Ethan M.; Clubb, Robert T. (2011). "Sortase enzymes in Gram-positive bacteria". Molecular Microbiology. 82 (5): 1044–1059. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07887.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMC 3590066. PMID 22026821.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Maresso, Anthony W.; Schneewind, Olaf (2008-03-01). "Sortase as a Target of Anti-Infective Therapy". Pharmacological Reviews. 60 (1): 128–141. doi:10.1124/pr.107.07110. ISSN 0031-6997. PMID 18321961.