User:Garrulus82/Luftwaffeproject2

This article is about the current German air force; for the Wehrmacht air arm see Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht).

For other uses of the word Luftwaffe see Luftwaffe (Disambiguation).

The German air force (German IPA: ['lʊftvafə]) is the aerial warfare branch of the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... German armed forces components (helicopters, drones) and navy (helicopters, drones, patrol aircraft)

The Luftwaffe was raised as the West German air force in 1956, a year after the West German parliament (Bundestag) ratified the Paris Agreements which provided for limited West German sovereignty and made it possible to join NATO and WEU. During the Cold War the Bundeswehr was the backbone of NATO's conventional defense in Central Europe. The Luftwaffe owned significant numbers of tactical combat aircraft and was and still is fully integrated in NATO command structures.

The end of the Cold War and the German reunification marked a historic point for the Luftwaffe and was the start of a process of transformation and reorganization. As the possibility of a major conflict in Europe has become highly unlikely, the Luftwaffe has been significantly reduced in numbers and prepared for peacekeeping and peacemaking tasks. Germany also gained full souvereignty over its airspace, which was throughout the Cold War defended by its NATO allies.

The Gulf War saw the first deployment of armed German air force assets outside German borders, when Alpha Jets were sent to Turkey and Patriot surface-to-air missiles to the defense of Israel. German aircraft saw its first combat deployment during the Kosovo War. German reconnaissance Tornados and transport aircraft were deployed during the Bosnian War.

German aircraft were engaged in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions both within German borders and abroad in support of the United Nations since 1960. Since 2007, Luftwaffe reconnaissance Tornados are stationed in Afghanistan besides C-160 Transall transport aircraft and ground personnel.

Recent years saw a continuing process of restructuring and the introduction of new equipment.

History

The Luftwaffe and its predecessors

The Rudel Scandal

Main article: Rudel Scandal

Decree on tradition of 1981

Structure of the West German air force in 1970 (click to enlarge)

Structure of the German air force in 2008 (click to enlarge)

Raising the Luftwaffe: 1950 - 1970

"Rearming Germany was a long and complicated process. It was especially difficult to create a new German air force. The army generals who dominated the Bundeswehr cadre did not even want an air force but rather a small arm air corps. Moreover, Adenauer's defense staff failed to adequately budget or plan for a new air force. As rearmament began, US Air Force leaders, working closely with the small Luftwaffe staff in West Germany's shadow Defense Ministry, basically took charge of the process to ensure that the Germans built a new Luftwaffe on the American model - a large, multipurpose force organized as an independent service and fully integrated into NATO. The first Bundesluftwaffe commanders allied themselves to the Americans, often in opposition to their army comrades, to overcome the political problems caused by Adenauer's poor defense planning and create a modern air force on American lines."

Consolidation: 1970 - 1990

Panavia Tornado

Main article: Panavia Tornado

Unified German air force and disarmement

	Military personnel	Civilian personnel	Combat aircraft	Flying wings	SAM systems	SAM groups	Radar wings	Commands
before 1990	110000	21500	755	18	176	15	14	13

Current Forces

Transformation

Strategic mobility

Since its beginnings, the air-transport has been the most taxed and deployed in support of numerous humanitarian missions throughout the world. ... Until delivery of the A400M the German government chooses to participate in the NATO SALIS agreement, at least until 2015. A permanent solution for over-sized cargo has yet to be found. http://www.casr.ca/bg-airlift-nato.htm

Luftwaffe Airbus A310 MRTT ready for refueling, shown at the Paris Air Show 2007 (click to enlarge)

Other new weapon systems

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In 2010, the 51st Reconnaissane Wing "Immelmann" will receive the first out of five UAV HALE (High-Altitude-Long Endurance) SIGINT EuroHawk. The other four will join the service in 2013. These drones will replace the Navy operated BR 1150 SIGINT in the signal intelligence role, which are due to phase out in 2010, leaving a gap in capability. Further EuroHawks equipped for photo-reconnaissance are planned for the future. Also in 2010, five UAV MALE (Medium-Altitude Long Endurance) will enter service, although there's no final decision on which system will be procured. Of high probability is the adoption of the MQ-9 Reaper, already in service with the Italian and Royal Air Force. The MQ-9 Reaper is still competing with the Heron TP by IAI, teaming with Rheinmetall. The initial capability is to be extended in the future and one squadron of AG 51 to be reequipped with UAVs. Domestic research on UCAVs is also progressing. The planned UAV fleet will be unarmed and only used for reconnaissance, however armed Luftwaffe UAVs will be a possibility in the future.

Surface-to-Air

Main article: Medium Extended Air Defense System

Air-to-Surface

The German air force is acquiring a variety of new air-to-ground ammunitions, including TAURUS KEPD 350 air launched cruise missile, HOPE/HOSBO smart glide bombs and LJDAM laser guidance kits.

Air-to-Air

The Luftwaffe has completed the transition from the AIM-9L Sidewinder short-range air-to-air missile to IRIS-T. The medium-range AIM-120 AMRAAM will be replaced by the MBDA Meteor.

Political issues

Mölders controversy

Main article: Werner Mölders

German "Air Force One" controversy

German air force Airbus A310-304 VIP "Konrad Adenauer" in new colours (click to enlarge)

In 2002, former German president Johannes Rau, supported by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, initiated a proposal for new paint scheme for the eight aircraft in service with the Federal Ministry of Defense's special flight used as government shuttles. The previous paint scheme featured the inscription Luftwaffe in large letters above the forward windows on both sides, as the aircraft formally belongs to the German air force. President Rau's proposal was to replace the Luftwaffe inscription with Bundesrepublik Deutschland, to characterize the aircraft used for the transport of politicians as carriers of political representatives, and not as aircraft of a genuine military usage. According to statements by president Rau relayed through his office, this was done to ensure that foreign audiences receive the arrival of such an airplane as the arrival of a high political representative of Germany. Furthermore, government transport aircraft were prominent diplomatic symbol and as such, there should be "written on them, what is in them". Role models for such an endeavour were Air Force One, the aerial transport used by the President of the United States, and the aircraft used by the heads of state of the Russian Federation and France. Furthermore Rau was quoted, that

... he travels to countries, where it isn't politically appropriate to use an aircraft wich sides read Luftwaffe.

The proposal was resisted by ministry of defense officials, military officers and the CDU opposition, citing the enterprise's high cost (ca. 150.000€ for one A310, the earliest date for a new paintwork was scheduled in 2009.) in contrast to a continuously strained military budget and an instance of unneceassary political correctness. Additionally, a presidential decree by the first Federal German president, Theodor Heuss, after which the second governmental A310 is named, would have been to be recalled in order to entirely remove the Luftwaffe inscription. A compromise was worked out and all German air force aircraft used by politicians were to be repainted during a scheduled overhaul, 60 months ahead of their scheduled repainting. The new paintwork features a large inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland on both sides; the Luftwaffe marking has been reduced in size and moved on the fin. A ribbon in the colours of the German tricolour has been added. The military aircraft registration with the stylized Iron Cross, however, makes these aircraft easily identifiable as belonging to the German air force fleet. In return, it was Theodor Heuss' presidential order, which established the Iron Cross as the emblem of the West German armed forces. In 2007, the German parliament agreed on technical and economical grounds to replace both Airbus A310 VIP governmental transports, which were acquired after reunification from the dissolved state airline of East Germany, by former Lufthansa Airbus A340-300 starting in 2010. The six Challenger CL-601 will be replaced by two Airbus A319CJ and four Bombardier Global 5000. The total cost for the replacement program amounts to €985m . Previous news reports leaked out serious technical problems with the nearly 20 year old Challenger fleet, including emergency landings and life threatening emergencies involving then foreign minister Joschka Fischer.

Current major systems

System	Origin	Type	Versions	In service 2008	In service 2013	Notes
Airbus A310		transport tanker VIP transport MEDEVAC	A310-304 VIP A310 MRTT	2 5	0 5	to be replaced by A340
Airbus A319CJ		VIP transport	Airbus A319-114CJ	0	2
Airbus A340		VIP transport	Airbus A340-300	0	2
Airbus A400M		transport/tanker	Airbus A400M	0	31	to be 60
Bell UH-1 Iroquois		utility helicopter	UH-1D	73		built by Dornier, to be replaced by NH90
Bombardier Challenger 600		VIP transport	CL-601	6	0	to be replaced by A319CJ and Global 5000
Global Express 5000		VIP transport	Bombardier Global Express 5000	0	4
Cessna T-37 Tweet		trainer	T-37B	35	0	Euro NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training, USAF registered, to be replaced by T-6 Texan II
Eurocopter Cougar		VIP transport helicopter	AS 532U-2	3	3
Eurofighter EF-2000		multirole fighter		52	131	to be 180
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper or IAI Heron	or	reconnaissance UAV		0	5
Grob G-120		trainer	G-120	6	6	civilian, jointly operated with Lufthansa
Hawker Beechcraft T-6 Texan II		trainer	T-6A			Euro NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training, USAF registered
McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II		fighter	F-4F ICE	53	0	in service until 2012, to be replaced by Eurofighter Typhoon
Northrop Grumman/EADS EuroHawk		SIGINT UAV	RQ-4B Block 20	0	5	to be built by Northrop Grumman and equipped with an EADS reconnaissance payload
Northrop T-38 Talon		trainer	T-38A, T-38C, AT-38	46	46	Euro NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training, USAF registered
NHIndustries NH90		transport SAR/CSAR	NH90 TTH			42 on order (+12 options) for air force, 80 for army
Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot		SAM	PAC-3	24	24	192 launchers, to be partially replaced by MEADS
Panavia Tornado PA-200		SEAD attack attack/reconnaissance	ECR IDS IDS RECCE	33 104 56	90	IDS to be replaced by Eurofighter, IDS RECCE partially by UAVs
Transall C-160		tactical transport	C-160D	86	51	to be replaced by A400M

Former major systems

Main article: List of military aircraft of Germany