User:Gilgongo/SAE Levels
I propose this text to explain the table along the following lines. I believe it's all supported by the main sources, (with inline citations to follow) but it's very much my own description. So I'd welcome input on that point in case I'm guilty of original research.
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The SAE classification of Levels is based on the role of the driver, rather than the vehicle's capabilities, although these are related in the form of a "driving mode" (aka driving scenario). The mode is determined by both an operational design domain (ODD) and a "dyanmic driving requirement." The ODD is the circumstance in which the car is driving, and the driving requirement is what the system must do while remaining safe within the boundaries of that ODD. These two things define the SAE Level.[1]
Cars may therefore switch levels according to the driving mode. A human analogy might be a mode in which you can stand unassisted on one leg (the requirement) if you are on the ground (the ODD), but would need support when standing on a tightrope.
Above Level 1, level differences are related to how responsibility for safe movement is divided/shared between the advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) and driver, rather than specific driving features (see #Concepts). A car might therefore have Level 3 capability for lane management (the driving requirement) up to 100km/h (the ODD), but Level 2 at speeds faster than that. Or it might have Level 4 for driverless navigation on designated highways, but Level 2 on urban side roads.[2]
ADAS that are considered Level 1 are adaptive cruise control, emergency brake assist, automatic emergency brake assist, lane-keeping, and lane centering. ADAS that are considered Level 2 are: highway assist, autonomous obstacle avoidance, and autonomous parking. At Level 3 and above, if a car is driving and the ODD changes - for instance, a clear highway becomes a construction zone with hand-signals from a worker - the system must recognize that it is exiting its ODD and fall back accordingly, including asking for driver intervention if necessary.[3]
A fully self-driving car would therefore stay at Level 5 for all dynamic driving requirements in all circumstances (speeds, roads, terrains, visibilities, obstacle types, jursidictions, etc.), while a car with no ADAS controlling the driving requirements would rely on the human driver for that, and stay at Level 0 regardless of the domain.[4][5]
| Mode | Level | Summary | Description | Responsibility for | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direction & speed | Monitoring environment | Fallback | |||||
| n/a | 0 | No Automation | Full-time performance by the driver of all aspects of driving, even when "enhanced by warning or intervention systems" | Driver | Driver | Driver | |
| Some | 1 | Driver Assistance | Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of either steering or speed | ADAS uses information about the driving environment; driver is expected to perform all other driving tasks. | Driver and system | ||
| 2 | Partial Automation | Driving mode-specific execution by one or more ADAS for both steering and speed | System | ||||
| 3 | Conditional Automation | Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of all aspects of driving | Driver must appropriately respond to a request to intervene. | System | |||
| Many | 4 | High Automation | If a driver does not respond appropriately to a request to intervene, the car can stop safely. | System | |||
| All | 5 | Full Automation | System controls the vehicle under all conditions and circumstances. | ||||
- 1 2 "Automated Driving – Levels of Driving Automation are Defined in New SAE International Standard J3016" (PDF). SAE International. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2018.
- ↑ Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and people risk". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.
- ↑ "ADAS Level 0 to Level 5: Autonomous/self-driving grades explained". The Times of India. 2022-05-24. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ↑ Galvani, Marco (2019-02-04). "History and future of driver assistance". IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine. 22 (1): 11–16. Bibcode:2019IIMM...22a..11G. doi:10.1109/MIM.2019.8633345. ISSN 1941-0123. S2CID 59600916.
- ↑ "J3016_202104: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles - SAE International". www.sae.org.