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Combinations of vowel letters
editTo reduce dialectal difficulties, the sound values given here correspond to the conventions at Wikipedia:IPA for English.
| Spelling | Major value (IPA) |
Examples of major value | Minor values (IPA) |
Examples of minor value | Exceptions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a before multiple consonants or in word-final syllables |
/æ/ | cat, acrobat, banned (band) | /iː/ karaoke (karáoke) /eɪ/ bass (báss) /ɑː/ father, grant, after | |||||
| a...e | /eɪ/ | violate (violát), grace (gráç) | ||||||
| a before single consonant (stressed, non-word-final syllables) |
/eɪ/ | dating (dáting), lumbago (lumbágó) | /ɛ/ /æ/ |
many, any radical |
||||
| a (unstressed syllables) | /ə/ | another, about | ||||||
| aa | /ɑː/ | baa | /eɪ/ quaalude | |||||
| ae | /iː/ | encyclopaedia | /ɛ/ | aesthetic | /eɪ/ reggae /aɪ/ maestro | |||
| ai, ai...e | /eɪ/ | bait, cocaine (cocain) | /æ/ plaid /ɪ/ bargain /ɛ/ said /aɪ/ shanghaied (shanghaid) | |||||
| ao | /eɪ/ | gaol (gáol) | ||||||
| au | /ɔː/ | taut, author | /eɪ/ gauge (gáuǧ) /oʊ/ mauve (mauv) /ɔ/ sausage (sausaǧ) | |||||
| aw | /ɔː/ | jaw | ||||||
| ay, aye | /eɪ/ | day | /aɪ/ | kayak, aye (ay) | /iː/ quay /ɛ/ says | |||
| e before single consonant (stressed, non-word-final syllables) |
/iː/ | receding (recéding) | /eɪ/ | ukelele, cafe | ||||
| e before multiple consonants or in word-final syllables |
/ɛ/ | get, better | /ɪ/ pretty | |||||
| word-final e | /iː/ | be, he | ||||||
| e...e | /iː/ | cede (céd), gene (gén) | /eɪ/ crepe (crep) | |||||
| ea | /iː/ | beach, eating | /ɛ/ | bread, healthy | /eɪ/ great | |||
| ea...e | /iː/ | please (pleas) | /ɛ/ cleanse (cleans) | |||||
| eau | /oʊ/ | beau | /ɔ/ bureaucracy | |||||
| ee | /iː/ | bee, feed | /eɪ/ matinee | |||||
| ei, ei...e | /eɪ/ | eight, veil | /iː/ /aɪ/ |
deceive (deceiv), seize (seiz) heist, height |
/ɪ/ counterfeit /ɛ/ heifer | |||
| eo | /ɛ/ | leopard, jeopardy | /iː/ | people | /oʊ/ yeoman /ɪə/ leotard | |||
| ew | /juː/ | dew | /oʊ/ sew | |||||
| ey | /eɪ/ | grey, obey | /iː/ key, geyser, Ceylon | |||||
| eye | /aɪ/ | eye (ey) | ||||||
| i before single consonant (stressed, non-word-final syllables) |
/aɪ/ | shining (shíning) | /æ/ meringue | |||||
| i before multiple consonants or in word-final syllables |
/ɪ/ | bit, hitting | ||||||
| word-final i | /iː/ | ski | ||||||
| i...e | /aɪ/ | shine (shín), guide (guíd) | /iː/ machine (machín( /ɪ/ give (giv), medicine (medicin) | |||||
| ie | /aɪ/ | die (dy), tie (ty) | /iː/ | field | /ɪ/ sieve (siv) /ɛ/ friend (frend) | |||
| ie...e | /iː/ | hygiene (hygien) | ||||||
| ieu | /juː/ | lieu, adieu | ||||||
| o before multiple consonants or in word-final syllables |
/ɔ/ | dot | /ʌ/ | son | /ʊ/ wolf | |||
| o before single consonant (stressed, non-word-final syllables) |
/oʊ/ | omen (ómen), potent (pótent) | /ɒ/ | body | /ɪ/ women | |||
| word-final o | /oʊ/ | banjo, go | /uː/ | to, who, two | ||||
| o...e | /oʊ/ | doze (dóz) | /uː/ | move (móv), lose (lós) | /ʌ/ come (com) | |||
| oa | /oʊ/ | boat | /ɔː/ broad | |||||
| oe | /oʊ/ | toe (tó), foe (fó) | /iː/ /uː/ |
amoeba shoe (shó), canoe (canó) |
/ʌ/ does (dos) /ɪ/ oedema /ɛ/ foetid | |||
| oeu | /uː/ | manoeuvre (manúver) | ||||||
| oi | /waɪ/ choir (choír) | |||||||
| oo before k,d | /ʊ/ | look, wood | /uː/ spook | |||||
| oo elsewhere | /uː/ | tool | /ʌ/ | blood | /oʊ/ brooch | |||
| ou | /aʊ/ | out | /uː/ | soup, you, through | /ʊ/ courier (curier), should (shuld) /oʊ/ soul /ʌ/ touch, enough /ɔ/ cough | |||
| ow | /aʊ/ | cow | /oʊ/ | yellow, know, rainbow | ||||
| u before multiple consonants or in word-final syllables |
/ʌ/ | butter, dump | /ʊ/ | put, full | ||||
| u before single consonant (stressed, non-word-final syllables) |
/uː/ | luminous (lúminos) | /ɪ/ busy /ɛ/ bury | |||||
| u...e | /juː/ or /uː/ | flute (flút) | ||||||
| ue | /uː/ | blue (blu) | ||||||
| ui | /uː/ | fruit (frút) | /ɪ/ build (bild) | |||||
| uy, uye | /aɪ/ | buy, guyed (guyd) | ||||||
| y | /ɪ/ | myth, cryptic | /ə/ beryl | |||||
| -y | /iː/ | city, happy | ||||||
| y...e | /aɪ/ | type (týp) | ||||||
| -ye | /aɪ/ | bye (bý) |