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Article Draft
editIn this draft, I am planning to add information to the article, "Plant arithmetic." I will add my draft as new information under the "Venus flytrap" sub-heading in the article.
- I have copied the text under the "Venus flytrap" sub-heading from "Plant arithmetic," added an edit summary, and bolded my changes.
- The "References" section is currently missing two of its original sources, but I will fix this when I move my draft to the article.
- The graphic was included in the copying of the text under the "Venus flytrap" sub-heading within "Plant arithmetic."
- I have decided to not add any images since the article already has a graphic related to my draft.
- I found one way I could update the "Lead" to better reflect the article as a whole. The "Plant arithmetic" part of the "Lead" was already bolded.
- I will be updating my changes to the article in pieces, but this sandbox will reflect the changes as if they were made all at once.
- Step 1: Add the addition to the "Lead."
- Step 2: Add the addition to the first bolded portion of "Venus flytrap."
- Step 3: Add the first new portion under "Venus flytrap."
- Step 4: Add the second new portion under "Venus flytrap."
- Step 5: Make changes to the "References" if the sources did not transfer.
- I have listed one Wikipedia articles that I could link my draft to after I have added it to the article below. I have added a sandbox containing these edits below. These, however, will not be published.
- "Carnivorous plant" → Sandbox draft link: User:Heidi90189676415M/Carnivorous plant
- "Cilium" → Sandbox draft link: User:Heidi90189676415M/Cilium
Below, I have provided the original look of the "Lead" with bold for the additions, except for the "Plant arithmetic" part.
Plant arithmetic is a form of plant cognition whereby plants appear to perform arithmetic operations – a form of number sense in plants. Some such plants include the Venus flytrap and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Edit Summary: Copied from Plant arithmetic.
Below, I have provided the original look of the "Article body" with bold for the additions, except for the title of the portion I edited.
Venus flytrap
edit
The Venus flytrap can count to two and five in order to trap and then digest its prey.[1][2]
The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that catches its prey with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. A Venus flytrap's reactions can occur due to electric and mechanic, or movement-related, changes.[3][4][5] When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if a second contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption.
There are two steps, which are a closed and locked state, that a Venus flytrap undergoes after its open state and before digestion, which differ due to the formation of the trap.[3][4][5] A closed trap occurs when the two lobes close or catch prey.[3][4][5] A locked trap occurs when the cilia further trap the prey.[3][4] The trap can possess a strength of four Newtons.[4] In addition, the cilia can further hinder a creature's ability to escape.[3][4]
The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops;[6] two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession,[6] whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second.[7]
The number of days that the trap remains closed will depend on whether or not the plant has caught prey.[3] Furthermore, the size of the prey can affect the number of days needed for digestion.[3] If a creature is too small, then the Venus flytrap has the ability to release it, which means that it can start the stage of becoming semi-open.[3][4] The transition from closed to open will take two days and can result after the plant has finished digesting or realizing it has not caught anything worthwhile.[3][4] One day will be needed to become semi-open, which creates a concave look, and the other day will allow the Venus flytrap to become fully open, which creates a convex look.[3][4] The angle of a Venus flytrap's lobes when they are open can be impacted by the water within it.[5]
Edit Summary: Copied from Plant arithmetic.
Below are the drafts without bolded additions.
Lead
editPlant arithmetic is a form of plant cognition whereby plants appear to perform arithmetic operations – a form of number sense in plants. Some such plants include the Venus flytrap and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Edit Summary: Copied from Plant arithmetic.
Article body
editVenus flytrap
edit The Venus flytrap can count to two and five in order to trap and then digest its prey.[1][2]
The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that catches its prey with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. A Venus flytrap's reactions can occur due to electric and mechanic, or movement-related, changes.[3][4][5] When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if a second contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption.
There are two steps, which are a closed and locked state, that a Venus flytrap undergoes after its open state and before digestion, which differ due to the formation of the trap.[3][4][5] A closed trap occurs when the two lobes close or catch prey.[3][4][5] A locked trap occurs when the cilia further trap the prey.[3][4] The trap can possess a strength of four Newtons.[4] In addition, the cilia can further hinder a creature's ability to escape.[3][4]
The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops;[6] two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession,[6] whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second.[7]
The number of days that the trap remains closed will depend on whether or not the plant has caught prey.[3] Furthermore, the size of the prey can affect the number of days needed for digestion.[3] If a creature is too small, then the Venus flytrap has the ability to release it, which means that it can start the stage of becoming semi-open.[3][4] The transition from closed to open will take two days and can result after the plant has finished digesting or realizing it has not caught anything worthwhile.[3][4] One day will be needed to become semi-open, which creates a concave look, and the other day will allow the Venus flytrap to become fully open, which creates a convex look.[3][4] The angle of a Venus flytrap's lobes when they are open can be impacted by the water within it.[5]
Edit Summary: Copied from Plant arithmetic.
References
edit- ^ a b Böhm, Jennifer; Scherzer, Sönke; Krol, Elzbieta; Kreuzer, Ines; von Meyer, Katharina; Lorey, Christian; Mueller, Thomas D.; Shabala, Lana; Monte, Isabel; Solano, Roberto; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S.; Rennenberg, Heinz; Shabala, Sergey; Neher, Erwin; Hedrich, Rainer (February 2016). "The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake". Current Biology. 26 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057. PMC 4751343. PMID 26804557.
- ^ a b "Plants count to five". Nature. 529 (7587): 440. 2016. doi:10.1038/529440a. S2CID 49905733.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Volkov, Alexander G.; et al. (January 15, 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120 – via ScienceDirect.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Volkov, Alexander G.; et al. (January 1, 2013). "Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plan Physiology. 170 (1): 25–32 – via ScienceDirect.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sachse, Renate; Westermeier, Anna; Mylo, Max; Nadasdi, Joey; Bischoff, Manfred; Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon (July 7, 2020). "Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)". PubMed Central. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3.
- ^ a b Forterre, Yoël; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005). "How the Venus flytrap snaps" (PDF). Nature. 433 (7024): 421–425. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..421F. doi:10.1038/nature03185. PMID 15674293. S2CID 4340043. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2007.