主日字母 are letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G assigned to days in a cycle of seven with the letter A always set against
1 January as an aid for finding the day of the week of a given calendar date and in calculating Easter.
A common year is assigned the dominical letter of its first Sunday. For example 2003 has January 5 as its first Sunday, so
it has dominical letter E.
In leap years, the leap day may or may not have a dominical letter. In the original 1582 Catholic version, it did, but
in the 1752 Anglican version it did not. The Catholic version caused February to have 29 days by doubling the sixth day
before 1 March, inclusive, because 24 February in a common year is marked "duplex", thus both halves of the doubled day had
a dominical letter of F.[1][2][3] The Anglican version added a day to February that did not exist in
common years, 29 February, thus it did not have a dominical letter of its own.[4][5]
In either case, all other dates have the same dominical letter every year, but the days of the weeks of the dominical
letters change within a leap year before and after the intercalary day, 24 February or 29 February. Hence leap years have
two dominical letters: the first for January and most or all of February and the second for March to December. The second
dominical letter is the dominical letter that the year would have if it were not a leap year and the dates in March to
December have the same days of the week.
Examples
edit- 2000 BA
- 2001 G
- 2002 F
- 2003 E
- 2004 DC
- 2005 B
- 2006 A
- 2007 G
- 2008 FE
- 2009 D
- 2010 C
- 2011 B
- 2012 AG
- 2013 F
The dominical letter of a year determines the days of week in its calendar:
History
editDominical letters were a device adopted from the Romans by chronologers to aid them in finding the day of the week
corresponding to any given date, and indirectly to facilitate the adjustment of the "Proprium de Tempore" to the "Proprium
Sanctorum" when constructing the ecclesiastical calendar for any year.[6] The Christian Church, due to its
complicated system of movable and immovable feasts, has long been concerned with the regulation and
measurement of time. To secure uniformity in the observance of feasts and fasts, it began, even in the patristic age, to
supply a system of reckoning (computus) by which the relation of the solar and lunar years might be accommodated and the
celebration of Easter determined.[6] It adopted the astronomical methods that were available at the time,
and these methods and their methodology have become traditional and are perpetuated in a measure to this day, even the
reform of the calendar, in the prolegomena to the Breviary and Missal.
The Romans were accustomed to dividing the year into nundinæ, periods of eight days;
and in their marble calendars (fasti), of which numerous specimens remain, they used the first eight letters of the
alphabet (A to H) to mark the days of which each period was composed. When the Oriental seven-day period (week) was
introduced in the time of Cæsar Augustus, the first seven letters of the alphabet were employed in the same way
to indicate the days of the new division of time. Some surviving (albeit fragmentary) marble calendars show both cycles side
by side (see "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum", 2nd ed., I, 220; the same peculiarity occurs in the Philocalian Calendar
of A.D. 356, ibid., p. 256). This device was imitated by the Christians.
Dominical letter of a date
editThe days of the year from 1 January to 31 December are marked with a continuous recurring cycle of seven letters: A, B, C,
D, E, F, G. A is always set against 1 January, B against 2 January, C against 3 January, and so on. Thus F falls to 6
January, G to 7 January; A again recurs on 8 January, and also, consequently, on 15 January, 22 January, and 29 January.
Continuing in this way, 30 January is marked with a B, 31 January with a C, and 1 February with a D. This is carried on
through all the days of an ordinary year (i. e. not a leap year). Thus D corresponds to 1 March, G to 1 April, B to 1 May, E
to 1 June, G to 1 July, C to 1 August, F to 1 September, A to 1 October, D to 1 November, and F to 1 December — a
result which Durandus recalled by the following distich:
- Alta Domat Dominus, Gratis Beat Equa Gerentes
- Contemnit Fictos, Augebit Dona Fideli.
Another one is:
- Add G, beg C, fad F.
Yet another:
At Dover dwell George Brown, Esquire; Good Christopher Finch; and David Fryer.
Clearly, if 1 January is a Sunday, all the days marked by A will also be Sundays; If 1 January is a Saturday, Sunday will
fall on 2 January which is a B, and all the other days marked B will be Sundays; if 1 January is a Monday, then Sunday will
not come until 7 January, a G, and all the days marked G will be Sundays.
Traditionally, the Catholic ecclesiastical calendar treats 24 February as the day added, as this was the Roman leap day,
with events normally occurring on 24-28 February moved to 25-29 February. The Anglican and civil calendars treat 29 February
as the day added to leap years, and do not shift events in this way.
Dominical letter of a year
editThe dominical letter of a year is defined as the letter of the cycle corresponding to the day upon which the first Sunday
(and thus every subsequent Sunday) falls. Leap years have two Dominical Letters, the second of which is the letter of the
cycle preceding the first; the second letter describes the portion of the year after the leap day.
Calculation
editThe dominical letter of a year can be calculated based on any method for calculating the day of the week, with letters
in reverse order compared to numbers indicating the day of the week.
For example:
- ignore periods of 400 years
- considering the second letter in the case of a leap year:
- for one century within two multiples of 400, go forward two letters from BA for 2000, hence C, E, G.
- for remaining years, go back one letter every year, two for leap years (this corresponds to writing two letters, no letter
is skipped).
- to avoid up to 99 steps within a century, there is a choice of several shortcuts, e.g.:
- go back one letter for every 12 years
- ignore multiples of 28 years (note that when jumping from e.g. 1900 to 1928 the last letter of 1928 is the same as
- to avoid up to 99 steps within a century, there is a choice of several shortcuts, e.g.:
the letter of 1900)
- apply steps between multiples of 10, writing from right to left:
2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 BA G FE D CB A GF E DC B .G
- Note the dummy step (we skip A between 1900 and 1910) because 1900 is not a leap year.
舉例來說，尋找1913年的主日字母：
- 1900 is G
- 1910 is B
- count B A GF E, 1913 is E
同樣的，2007年：
- 2000 is BA
- count BA G F E DC B A G, 2007 is G
2065年：
- 2000 is BA
- 2012 is AG, 2024 is GF, 2036 is FE, 2048 is ED, 2060 is DC, then B A G FE D, 2065 is D
- or from 2000 to 2060 in steps of 10, written backward: DC B AG F ED C BA, starting from 2000 is BA we get 2060 is DC, then
again B A G FE D, 2065 is D (or, writing the last part backward too: D FE G A B <DC> B AG F ED C BA)
- or ignore 56 years, 2056 is BA, count G F E DC B A G FE D, 2065 is D
Complete tables
edit年份主日字母表
editFor years outside the range of this table, use the fact that the dominical letters repeat exactly every 400 years.
┌──┬──┬──┬──┐
│1600│1700│1800│1900│
│2000│2100│2200│2300│
┌──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 00 │ BA │ C │ E │ G │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│85 57 29 01 │ G │ B │ D │ F │
│86 58 30 02 │ F │ A │ C │ E │
│87 59 31 03 │ E │ G │ B │ D │
│88 60 32 04 │ DC │ FE │ AG │ CB │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│89 61 33 05 │ B │ D │ F │ A │
│90 62 34 06 │ A │ C │ E │ G │
│91 63 35 07 │ G │ B │ D │ F │
│92 64 36 08 │ FE │ AG │ CB │ ED │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│93 65 37 09 │ D │ F │ A │ C │
│94 66 38 10 │ C │ E │ G │ B │
│95 67 39 11 │ B │ D │ F │ A │
│96 68 40 12 │ AG │ CB │ ED │ GF │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│97 69 41 13 │ F │ A │ C │ E │
│98 70 42 14 │ E │ G │ B │ D │
│99 71 43 15 │ D │ F │ A │ C │
│ 72 44 16 │ CB │ ED │ GF │ BA │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 73 45 17 │ A │ C │ E │ G │
│ 74 46 18 │ G │ B │ D │ F │
│ 75 47 19 │ F │ A │ C │ E │
│ 76 48 20 │ ED │ GF │ BA │ DC │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 77 49 21 │ C │ E │ G │ B │
│ 78 50 22 │ B │ D │ F │ A │
│ 79 51 23 │ A │ C │ E │ G │
│ 80 52 24 │ GF │ BA │ DC │ FE │
├──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 81 53 25 │ E │ G │ B │ D │
│ 82 54 26 │ D │ F │ A │ C │
│ 83 55 27 │ C │ E │ G │ B │
│ 84 56 28 │ BA │ DC │ FE │ AG │
└──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│1600│1700│1800│1900│
│2000│2100│2200│2300│
└──┴──┴──┴──┘
日期對照表
edit星期日: A 星期一: B 星期二: C 星期三: D 星期四: E 星期五: F 星期六: G
以2006年為例子，當年首日為星期日的平年
┌──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┐
│Jan │Feb │Mar │Apr │May │Jun │Jul │Aug │Sep │Oct │Nov │Dec │
┌────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(29) 22 15 8 1│ A │ D │ D │ G │ B │ E │ G │ C │ F │ A │ D │ F │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(30) 23 16 9 2│ B │ E │ E │ A │ C │ F │ A │ D │ G │ B │ E │ G │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(31) 24 17 10 3│ C │ F │ F │ B │ D │ G │ B │ E │ A │ C │ F │ A │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 25 18 11 4│ D │ G │ G │ C │ E │ A │ C │ F │ B │ D │ G │ B │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 26 19 12 5│ E │ A │ A │ D │ F │ B │ D │ G │ C │ E │ A │ C │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 27 20 13 6│ F │ B │ B │ E │ G │ C │ E │ A │ D │ F │ B │ D │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 28 21 14 7│ G │ C │ C │ F │ A │ D │ F │ B │ E │ G │ C │ E │
└────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┘
以2012年為例子，當年首日為星期日的閏年
┌──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┐
│Jan │Feb │Mar │Apr │May │Jun │Jul │Aug │Sep │Oct │Nov │Dec │
┌────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(29) 22 15 8 1│ A │ D │ E │ A │ C │ F │ A │ D │ G │ B │ E │ G │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(30) 23 16 9 2│ B │ E │ F │ B │ D │ G │ B │ E │ A │ C │ F │ A │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│(31) 24 17 10 3│ C │ F │ G │ C │ E │ A │ C │ F │ B │ D │ G │ B │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 25 18 11 4│ D │ G │ A │ D │ F │ B │ D │ G │ C │ E │ A │ C │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 26 19 12 5│ E │ A │ B │ E │ G │ C │ E │ A │ D │ F │ B │ D │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 27 20 13 6│ F │ B │ C │ F │ A │ D │ F │ B │ E │ G │ C │ E │
├────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┤
│ 28 21 14 7│ G │ C │ D │ G │ B │ E │ G │ C │ F │ A │ D │ F │
└────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┘
Practical use for the clergy
editThe Dominical Letter had another practical use in the days before the Ordo divini officii recitandi was printed annually
(thus often requiring priests to determine the Ordo on their own). Easter Sunday may be as early as 22 March or as late
as 25 April, and there are consequently 35 possible days on which it may fall; each Dominical Letter allows five of these
dates, so there are five possible calendars for each letter. The Pye or directorium which preceded the present Ordo took
advantage of this principle, including all 35 calendars and labeling them primum A, secundum A, tertium A, and so on. Hence,
based on the Dominical Letter of the year and the epact, the Pye identified the correct calendar to use. A similar
table, but adapted to the reformed calendar and in more convenient shape, is found at the beginning of every Breviary and
Missal under the heading "Tabula Paschalis nova reformata".
The Dominical Letter does not seem to have been familiar to Bede in his "De temporum ratione", but in its place he
adopts a similar device of seven numbers which he calls concurrentes (De Temp. Rat., cap. liii), of Greek origin. The
Concurrents are numbers denoting the days of the week on which 24 March falls in the successive years of the solar cycle, 1
standing for Sunday, 2 (feria secunda) for Monday, 3 for Tuesday, and so on; these correspond to Dominical Letters F, E, D,
C, B, A, and G, respectively.
Use for mental calculation
editThere exist patterns in the dominical letters, which are very useful for mental calculation.
Patterns for years:
To use these patterns, choose and remember a year to use as a starting point, such as 2000=BA.
Note that because of the complicated Gregorian leap-year rules, these patterns break near some century changes. Note the
reverse alphabetical order.
1992 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 2012 13 ED C B A GF E D C BA G F E DC B A G FE D C B AG F
and
(note the reversed order of the years as well as of the letters) 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 AG F ED C BA G FE D CB A | | | | | | | | | | G FE D CB A GF E DC B AG 2046 2036 2026 2016 2006 1996 1986 1976 1966 1956
Patterns for days of the month:
The dominical letters for the first day of each month form the nonsense mnemonic phrase "Add G, beg C, fad F".
The following dates, given in day/month form, all have dominical letter C: 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, 12/12, 9/5, 5/9, 11/7, 7/11
(see also the Doomsday rule).
We are able to calculate the Dominical letter in this way (function in C), where:
- m = month
- y = year
- s = "style"; 0 for Julian, otherwise Gregorian.
char dominical(int m,int y,int s){
int leap;
int a,b;
leap=(s==0&&y%4==0)||(s!=0&&(y%4==0&&y%100!=0||y%400==0));
a=(y%100)%28;
b=(s==0)*(4+(y%700)/100+2*(a/4)+6*((!leap)*(1+(a%4))+(leap)*((9+m)/12)))%7+
(s!=0)*(2*(1+(y%400)/100+(a/4))+6*((!leap)*(1+(a%4))+(leap)*((9+m)/12)))%7;
b=(b==0)*(b+7)+(b!=0)*b;
return (char)(64+b);
}
References
edit- ^ Peter Archer, The Christian Calendar and the Gregorian Reform (New York: Fordham University Press, 1941) p.5
- ^ Bonnie Blackburn, Leofranc Holford-Strevens, The Oxford Companion to the Year (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.829
- ^ Calendarium (Calendar attached to the papal bull "Inter gravissimas")
- ^ ”Anno vicesimo quarto Georgii II. c.23” (1751), The Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the end of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761, ed. Danby Pickering, p.194.
- ^ J. K. Fotheringham, "Explanation: The Calendar", The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1931, pp.735-747, p.745, ... 1938, pp.790-806, p.803.
- ^ a b Dominical letter Catholic Encyclopedia]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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