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User:Honeydurga/IP, ARM, Xscale and PXA320

Intellectual property

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Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. IP is divided into two categories:

  • Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and
  • Copyright: which includes architectural designs.

ARM Holdings

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ARM Holdings is the world's leading semiconductor intellectual property (IP) supplier. The ARM business model involves the designing and licensing of IP rather than the manufacturing and selling of actual semiconductor chips. They licence IP to a network of Partners, which includes the world's leading semiconductor and systems companies. These Partners utilize ARM IP designs to create and manufacture system-on-chip designs, paying ARM a license fee for the original IP and a royalty on every chip or wafer produced. In addition to processor IP, ARM Holdings provide a range of tools, physical and systems IP to enable optimized system-on-chip designs. As of 2007, about 98 percent of the more than one billion mobile phones sold each year use at least one ARM processor. As of 2009, ARM processors account for approximately 90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors.

The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. ARM processors are developed by ARM and by ARM licensees. Prominent ARM processor families developed by ARM Holdings include the ARM7, ARM9, ARM11 and Cortex. Notable ARM processors developed by licensees include DEC StrongARM, Freescale i.MX, Marvell (formerly Intel) XScale, Nintendo, Nvidia Tegra, ST-Ericsson Nomadik, Qualcomm Snapdragon, the Texas Instruments OMAP product line, the Samsung Hummingbird and the Apple A4.

ARM cores

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ARM provides a summary of the numerous vendors who implement ARM cores in their design.[1] KEIL also provides a somewhat newer summary of vendors of ARM based processors.[2] ARM further provides a chart[3] displaying an overview of the ARM processor lineup with performance and functionality versus capabilities for the more recent ARM7, ARM9, ARM11, Cortex-M, Cortex-R and Cortex-A device families.

ARM Family ARM Architecture ARM Core Feature Cache (I/D), MMU Typical MIPS @ MHz
ARM1 ARMv1 ARM1 First implementation None
ARM2 ARMv2 ARM2 ARMv2 added the MUL (multiply) instruction None 4 MIPS @ 8 MHz
0.33 DMIPS/MHz
ARMv2a ARM250 Integrated MEMC (MMU), Graphics and IO processor. ARMv2a added the SWP and SWPB (swap) instructions. None, MEMC1a 7 MIPS @ 12 MHz
ARM3 ARMv2a ARM3 First integrated memory cache. 4 KB unified 12 MIPS @ 25 MHz
0.50 DMIPS/MHz
ARM6 ARMv3 ARM60 ARMv3 first to support 32-bit memory address space (previously 26-bit) None 10 MIPS @ 12 MHz
ARM600 As ARM60, cache and coprocessor bus (for FPA10 floating-point unit). 4 KB unified 28 MIPS @ 33 MHz
ARM610 As ARM60, cache, no coprocessor bus. 4 KB unified 17 MIPS @ 20 MHz
0.65 DMIPS/MHz
ARM7 ARMv3 ARM700 8 KB unified 40 MHz
ARM710 As ARM700, no coprocessor bus. 8 KB unified 40 MHz
ARM710a As ARM710 8 KB unified 40 MHz
0.68 DMIPS/MHz
ARM7TDMI ARMv4T ARM7TDMI(-S) 3-stage pipeline, Thumb none 15 MIPS @ 16.8 MHz
63 DMIPS @ 70 MHz
ARM710T As ARM7TDMI, cache 8 KB unified, MMU 36 MIPS @ 40 MHz
ARM720T As ARM7TDMI, cache 8 KB unified, MMU with Fast Context Switch Extension 60 MIPS @ 59.8 MHz
ARM740T As ARM7TDMI, cache MPU
ARM7EJ ARMv5TEJ ARM7EJ-S 5-stage pipeline, Thumb, Jazelle DBX, Enhanced DSP instructions none
ARM8 ARMv4 ARM810[4] 5-stage pipeline, static branch prediction, double-bandwidth memory 8 KB unified, MMU 84 MIPS @ 72 MHz
1.16 DMIPS/MHz
StrongARM ARMv4 SA-1 5-stage pipeline 16 KB/8–16 KB, MMU 203–206 MHz
1.0 DMIPS/MHz
ARM9TDMI ARMv4T ARM9TDMI 5-stage pipeline, Thumb none
ARM920T As ARM9TDMI, cache 16 KB/16 KB, MMU with FCSE (Fast Context Switch Extension)[5] 200 MIPS @ 180 MHz
ARM922T As ARM9TDMI, caches 8 KB/8 KB, MMU
ARM940T As ARM9TDMI, caches 4 KB/4 KB, MPU
ARM9E ARMv5TE ARM946E-S Thumb, Enhanced DSP instructions, caches variable, tightly coupled memories, MPU
ARM966E-S Thumb, Enhanced DSP instructions no cache, TCMs
ARM968E-S As ARM966E-S no cache, TCMs
ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S Thumb, Jazelle DBX, Enhanced DSP instructions variable, TCMs, MMU 220 MIPS @ 200 MHz,
ARMv5TE ARM996HS Clockless processor, as ARM966E-S no caches, TCMs, MPU
ARM10E ARMv5TE ARM1020E 6-stage pipeline, Thumb, Enhanced DSP instructions, (VFP) 32 KB/32 KB, MMU
ARM1022E As ARM1020E 16 KB/16 KB, MMU
ARMv5TEJ ARM1026EJ-S Thumb, Jazelle DBX, Enhanced DSP instructions, (VFP) variable, MMU or MPU
XScale ARMv5TE XScale 7-stage pipeline, Thumb, Enhanced DSP instructions 32 KB/32 KB, MMU 133–400 MHz
Bulverde Wireless MMX, Wireless SpeedStep added 32 KB/32 KB, MMU 312–624 MHz
Monahans[6] Wireless MMX2 added 32 KB/32 KB (L1), optional L2 cache up to 512 KB, MMU up to 1.25 GHz
ARM11 ARMv6 ARM1136J(F)-S[7] 8-stage pipeline, SIMD, Thumb, Jazelle DBX, (VFP), Enhanced DSP instructions variable, MMU 740 @ 532–665 MHz (i.MX31 SoC), 400–528 MHz
ARMv6T2 ARM1156T2(F)-S 9-stage pipeline, SIMD, Thumb-2, (VFP), Enhanced DSP instructions variable, MPU
ARMv6ZK ARM1176JZ(F)-S As ARM1136EJ(F)-S variable, MMU + TrustZone 965 DMIPS @ 772 MHz, up to 2 600 DMIPS with four processors[8]
ARMv6K ARM11 MPCore As ARM1136EJ(F)-S, 1–4 core SMP variable, MMU
Cortex-A ARMv7-A Cortex-A5[9] VFP, NEON, Jazelle RCT, Thumb/Thumb-2, 1–4 cores variable (L1 + L2), MMU + TrustZone 1.57 DMIPS / MHz per core
Cortex-A8 VFP, NEON, Jazelle RCT, Thumb-2, 13-stage superscalar pipeline variable (L1 + L2), MMU + TrustZone up to 2 000 (2.0 DMIPS/MHz in speed from 600 MHz to greater than 1 GHz)
Cortex-A9 MPCore Application profile, VFPv3 FPU, NEON, Thumb-2, Jazelle RCT/DBX, out-of-order speculative issue superscalar, 1–4 core SMP 32 KB/32 KB L1, up to 4 MB L2, MMU + TrustZone 2.5 DMIPS/MHz per core, 10 000 DMIPS @ 2 GHz on Performance Optimized TSMC 40G (dual core)
Cortex-A15 MPCore Application profile, VFPv4 FPU, NEON, Thumb-2, Jazelle RCT/DBX, out-of-order speculative issue superscalar, Large Physical Address Extensions (LPAE), Hardware virtualization, 1–4 SMP cores 32 KB/32 KB L1, up to 4 MB L2, MMU + TrustZone
Cortex-R ARMv7-R Cortex-R4(F) Real-time profile, Thumb-2, (FPU) variable cache, MPU optional 600 DMIPS @ 475 MHz
Cortex-M ARMv6-M Cortex-M0 Microcontroller profile, Thumb-2 subset (16-bit Thumb instructions & BL, MRS, MSR, ISB, DSB, and DMB). Hardware multiply instruction optional No cache. 0.9 DMIPS/MHz
Cortex-M1 FPGA targeted, Microcontroller profile, Thumb-2 subset (16-bit Thumb instructions & BL, MRS, MSR, ISB, DSB, and DMB). None, tightly coupled memory optional. Up to 136 DMIPS @ 170 MHz[10] (0.8 DMIPS/MHz,[11] MHz achievable FPGA-dependent)
ARMv7-M Cortex-M3 Microcontroller profile, Thumb-2 only. Hardware divide instruction. no cache, MPU optional. 125 DMIPS @ 100 MHz
ARMv7-ME Cortex-M4 Microcontroller profile, both Thumb and Thumb-2, FPU. Hardware MAC, SIMD and divide instructions. MPU optional. 1.25 DMIPS/MHz
ARM Family ARM Architecture ARM Core Feature Cache (I/D), MMU Typical MIPS @ MHz

Example applications of ARM cores

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ARM Core Devices Products
ARM1 ARM1 ARM Evaluation System second processor for BBC Micro
ARM2 ARM2 Acorn Archimedes, Chessmachine
ARM250 ARM250 Acorn Archimedes
ARM3 ARM3 Acorn Archimedes
ARM60 ARM60 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, Zarlink GPS Receiver
ARM610 ARM610 Acorn Risc PC 600, Apple Newton 100 series
ARM700 ARM700 Acorn Risc PC prototype CPU card
ARM710 ARM710 Acorn Risc PC 700
ARM710a ARM7100, ARM 7500 and ARM7500FE Acorn Risc PC 700, Apple eMate 300, Psion Series 5 (ARM7100), Acorn A7000 (ARM7500), Acorn A7000+ (ARM7500FE), Network Computer (ARM7500FE)
ARM7TDMI(-S) Atmel AT91SAM7, NXP Semiconductors LPC2000 and LH754xx, Actel CoreMP7 Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Apple iPod, Lego NXT, Juice Box, Garmin Navigation Devices (1990s – early 2000s)
ARM710T Psion Series 5mx, Psion Revo/Revo Plus/Diamond Mako
ARM720T NXP Semiconductors LH7952x Zipit Wireless Messenger
StrongARM Digital SA-110, SA-1100, SA-1110
SA-110
Apple Newton 2x00 series, Acorn Risc PC, Rebel/Corel Netwinder, Chalice CATS
SA-1100
Psion netBook
SA-1110
LART (computer), Intel Assabet, Ipaq H36x0, Balloon2, Zaurus SL-5x00, HP Jornada 7xx, Jornada 560 series, Palm Zire 31
ARM810 Acorn Risc PC prototype CPU card
ARM920T Atmel AT91RM9200, AT91SAM9, Cirrus Logic EP9302, EP9307, EP9312, EP9315, Samsung S3C2442 and S3C2410 Armadillo, GP32, GP2X (first core), Tapwave Zodiac (Motorola i.MX1), Hewlett-Packard HP-49/50 Calculators, Sun SPOT, HTC TyTN, FIC Neo FreeRunner[12]), Garmin Navigation Devices (mid–late 2000s), TomTom navigation devices[13]
ARM922T NXP Semiconductors LH7A40x
ARM940T GP2X (second core), Meizu M6 Mini Player[14][15]
ARM926EJ-S Texas Instruments OMAP1710, OMAP1610, OMAP1611, OMAP1612, OMAP-L137, OMAP-L138; Qualcomm MSM6100, MSM6125, MSM6225, MSM6245, MSM6250, MSM6255A, MSM6260, MSM6275, MSM6280, MSM6300, MSM6500, MSM6800; Freescale i.MX21, i.MX27, Atmel AT91SAM9, NXP Semiconductors, Samsung S3C2412 LPC30xx, NEC C10046F5-211-PN2-A SoC – undocumented core in the ATi Hollywood graphics chip used in the Wii,[16] Telechips TCC7801, TCC7901, ZiiLABS ZMS-05, Rockchip RK2806 and RK2808, NeoMagic MiMagic Family MM6, MM6+, MM8, MTV. Mobile phones: Sony Ericsson (K, W series); Siemens and Benq (x65 series and newer); LG Arena; GPH Wiz; Squeezebox Duet Controller (Samsung S3C2412). Squeezebox Radio; Buffalo TeraStation Live (NAS); Drobo FS (NAS); Western Digital MyBook I World Edition; Western Digital MyBook II World Edition; Seagate FreeAgent DockStar STDSD10G-RK; Seagate FreeAgent GoFlex Home; Chumby Classic
ARM946E-S Nintendo DS, Nokia N-Gage, Canon PowerShot A470, Canon EOS 5D Mark II,[17] Conexant 802.11 chips, Samsung S5L2010
ARM966E-S STMicroelectronics STR91xF[18]
ARM968E-S NXP Semiconductors LPC29xx
ARM1026EJ-S Conexant so4610 and so4615 ADSL SoC
XScale Intel 80200, 80219, PXA210, PXA250, PXA255, PXA263, PXA26x, PXA27x, PXA3xx, PXA900, IXC1100, IXP42x
80219
Thecus N2100
IOP321
Iyonix
PXA210/PXA250
Zaurus SL-5600, iPAQ H3900, Sony CLIÉ NX60, NX70V, NZ90
PXA255
Gumstix basix & connex, Palm Tungsten E2, Zaurus SL-C860, Mentor Ranger & Stryder, iRex ILiad
PXA263
Sony CLIÉ NX73V, NX80V
PXA26x
Palm Tungsten T3
PXA27x
Gumstix verdex, "Trizeps-Modules", "eSOM270-Module" PXA270 COM, HTC Universal, HP hx4700, Zaurus SL-C1000, 3000, 3100, 3200, Dell Axim x30, x50, and x51 series, Motorola Q, Balloon3, Trolltech Greenphone, Palm TX, Motorola Ezx Platform A728, A780, A910, A1200, E680, E680i, E680g, E690, E895, Rokr E2, Rokr E6, Fujitsu Siemens LOOX N560, Toshiba Portégé G500, Trēo 650-755p, Zipit Z2, HP iPaq 614c Business Navigator, I-mate PDA2
PXA3XX
Samsung Omnia
PXA900
Blackberry 8700, Blackberry Pearl (8100)
IXP42x
NSLU2
ARM1136J(F)-S Texas Instruments OMAP2420, Qualcomm MSM7200, MSM7201A, MSM7227, Freescale i.MX31 and MXC300-30
OMAP2420
Nokia E90, Nokia N93, Nokia N95, Nokia N82, Zune, BUGbase[19], Nokia N800, Nokia N810
MSM7200
Eten Glofiish, HTC TyTN II, HTC Nike
Freescale i.MX31
original Zune 30 GB, Toshiba Gigabeat S and Kindle DX
Freescale MXC300-30
Nokia E63, Nokia E71, Nokia 5800, Nokia E51, Nokia 6700 Classic, Nokia 6120 Classic, Nokia 6210 Navigator, Nokia 6220 Classic, Nokia 6290, Nokia 6710 Navigator, Nokia 6720 Classic, Nokia E75, Nokia N97, Nokia N81
Qualcomm MSM7201A
HTC Dream, HTC Magic, Motorola i1, Motorola Z6, HTC Hero, Samsung SGH-i627 (Propel Pro), Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro
Qualcomm MSM7227
ZTE Link,[20][21]
ARM1176JZ(F)-S Conexant CX2427X, Nvidia GoForce 6100;[22] Telechips TCC9101, TCC9201, TCC8900, Fujitsu MB86H60, Samsung S3C6410, S3C6430,[23] Qualcomm MSM7627, Infineon X-GOLD 213 Apple iPhone (original and 3G), Apple iPod touch (1st and 2nd Generation), Motorola RIZR Z8, Motorola RIZR Z10, Nintendo 3DS
S3C6410
Samsung Omnia II, Samsung Moment, SmartQ 5, Tablet PC
Qualcomm MSM7627
Palm Pixi and Motorola Calgary/Devour
ARM11 MPCore Nvidia APX 2500 (Tegra)
Cortex-A8 Texas Instruments OMAP3xxx series, FreeScale i.MX51-SOC, Apple A4, ZiiLABS ZMS-08, Samsung Hummingbird S5PC110 , Qualcomm Snapdragon QSD8x50(A)/MSM7x30/MSM8255 HTC Desire, SBM7000, Oregon State University OSWALD, Gumstix Overo Earth, Pandora, Apple iPhone 3GS, Apple iPod touch (3rd and 4th Generation), Apple iPad (A4), Apple iPhone 4 (A4), Archos 5, BeagleBoard, Motorola Droid, Motorola Droid X, Motorola Droid 2, Motorola Droid R2D2 Edition, Palm Pre, Samsung Omnia HD, Samsung Wave S8500, Samsung i9000 Galaxy S, Sony Ericsson Satio, Touch Book, Nokia N900, Meizu M9, Google Nexus S, Sharp PC-Z1 "Netwalker".
Cortex-A9 Texas Instruments OMAP4430/4440, ST-Ericsson U8500 / U5500, Nvidia Tegra2, Qualcomm Snapdragon QSD8672/MSM8260/MSM8660, Samsung Orion, STMicroelectronics SPEAr1310, Xilinx Extensible Processing Platform,[24] Trident PNX847x/8x/9x STB SoC,[25] Freescale i.MX6 [26] LG Optimus 2X, Motorola Atrix 4G,Motorola DROID BIONIC
Cortex-A15 Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8270/MSM8960, Texas Instruments OMAP5, Samsung, ST Ericsson[27] Nvidia
Cortex-R4(F) Broadcom, Texas Instruments TMS570
Cortex-M0 NXP Semiconductors LPC11xx,[28] Triad Semiconductor,[29] Melfas,[30] Chungbuk Technopark,[31] Nuvoton,[32] austriamicrosystems,[33] Rohm[34]
Cortex-M1 Actel ProASIC3, ProASIC3L, IGLOO and Fusion PSC devices, Altera Cyclone III, other FPGA products are also supported e.g. Synplicity[35]
Cortex-M3 Texas Instruments Stellaris, STMicroelectronics STM32, NXP Semiconductors LPC17xx, Toshiba TMPM330[36], Ember EM3xx, Atmel AT91SAM3, Europe Technologies EasyBCU, Energy Micro EFM32, Actel SmartFusion, mbed microcontroller
Cortex-M4 Freescale Kinetis, NXP Semiconductors LCP4300, STMicroelectronics
ARM Core Devices Products

Architecture

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From 1995 onwards, the ARM Architecture Reference Manual has been the primary source of documentation on the ARM processor architecture and instruction set, distinguishing interfaces that all ARM processors are required to support (such as instruction semantics) from implementation details that may vary. The architecture has evolved over time, and starting with the Cortex series of cores, three "profiles" are defined:

  • "Application" profile: Cortex-A series
  • "Real-time" profile: Cortex-R series
  • "Microcontroller" profile: Cortex-M series

Profiles are allowed to subset the architecture. For example the ARMv7-M profile used by the Cortex-M3 core is notable in that it supports only the Thumb-2 instruction set, and the ARMv6-M profile (used by the Cortex-M0) is a subset of the ARMv7-M profile (supporting fewer instructions).

Pipelines and other implementation issues

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The ARM7 and earlier implementations have a three stage pipeline; the stages being fetch, decode, and execute. Higher performance designs, such as the ARM9, have deeper pipelines: Cortex-A8 has thirteen stages. Additional implementation changes for higher performance include a faster adder, and more extensive branch prediction logic. The difference between the ARM7DI and ARM7DMI cores, for example, was an improved multiplier (hence the added "M").

Coprocessors

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The architecture provides a non-intrusive way of extending the instruction set using "coprocessors" which can be addressed using MCR, MRC, MRRC, MCRR, and similar instructions. The coprocessor space is divided logically into 16 coprocessors with numbers from 0 to 15, coprocessor 15 (cp15) being reserved for some typical control functions like managing the caches and MMU operation (on processors that have one).

In ARM-based machines, peripheral devices are usually attached to the processor by mapping their physical registers into ARM memory space or into the coprocessor space or connecting to another device (a bus) which in turn attaches to the processor. Coprocessor accesses have lower latency so some peripherals (for example XScale interrupt controller) are designed to be accessible in both ways (through memory and through coprocessors). In other cases, chip designers only integrate hardware using the coprocessor mechanism. For example, an image processing engine might be a small ARM7TDMI core combined with a coprocessor that has specialized operations to support a specific set of HDTV transcoding primitives.

Debugging

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All modern ARM processors include hardware debugging facilities; without them, software debuggers could not perform basic operations like halting, stepping, and breakpointing of code starting from reset. These facilities are built using JTAG support, though some newer cores optionally support ARM's own two-wire "SWD" protocol. In ARM7TDMI cores, the "D" represented JTAG debug support, and the "I" represented presence of an "EmbeddedICE" debug module. For ARM7 and ARM9 core generations, EmbeddedICE over JTAG was a de-facto debug standard, although it was not architecturally guaranteed.

The ARMv7 architecture defines basic debug facilities at an architectural level. These include breakpoints, watchpoints, and instruction execution in a "Debug Mode"; similar facilities were also available with EmbeddedICE. Both "halt mode" and "monitor" mode debugging are supported. The actual transport mechanism used to access the debug facilities is not architecturally specified, but implementations generally include JTAG support.

There is a separate ARM "CoreSight" debug architecture, which is not architecturally required by ARMv7 processors.

DSP enhancement instructions

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To improve the ARM architecture for digital signal processing and multimedia applications, a few new instructions were added to the set.[37] These are signified by an "E" in the name of the ARMv5TE and ARMv5TEJ architectures. E-variants also imply T,D,M and I.

The new instructions are common in digital signal processor architectures. They are variations on signed multiply-accumulate, saturated add and subtract, and count leading zeros.

Thumb

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To improve compiled code-density, processors since the ARM7TDMI have featured the Thumb instruction set state. (The "T" in "TDMI" indicates the Thumb feature.) When in this state, the processor executes the Thumb instruction set, a variable-length instruction set providing 32-bit and 16-bit instructions. Most of the Thumb instructions are directly mapped to normal ARM instructions. The space-saving comes from making some of the instruction operands implicit and limiting the number of possibilities compared to the ARM instructions executed in the ARM instruction set state.

In Thumb, the 16-bit opcodes have less functionality. For example, only branches can be conditional, and many opcodes are restricted to accessing only half of all of the CPU's general purpose registers. The shorter opcodes give improved code density overall, even though some operations require extra instructions. In situations where the memory port or bus width is constrained to less than 32 bits, the shorter Thumb opcodes allow increased performance compared with 32-bit ARM code, as less program code may need to be loaded into the processor over the constrained memory bandwidth.

Embedded hardware, such as the Game Boy Advance, typically have a small amount of RAM accessible with a full 32-bit datapath; the majority is accessed via a 16 bit or narrower secondary datapath. In this situation, it usually makes sense to compile Thumb code and hand-optimise a few of the most CPU-intensive sections using full 32-bit ARM instructions, placing these wider instructions into the 32-bit bus accessible memory.

The first processor with a Thumb instruction decoder was the ARM7TDMI. All ARM9 and later families, including XScale, have included a Thumb instruction decoder.

VFP

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VFP (Vector Floating Point) technology is a coprocessor extension to the ARM architecture. It provides low-cost single-precision and double-precision floating-point computation fully compliant with the ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985 Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. VFP provides floating-point computation suitable for a wide spectrum of applications such as PDAs, smartphones, voice compression and decompression, three-dimensional graphics and digital audio, printers, set-top boxes, and automotive applications. The VFP architecture also supports execution of short vector instructions but these operate on each vector element sequentially and thus do not offer the performance of true SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) parallelism. This mode can still be useful in graphics and signal-processing applications, however, as it allows a reduction in code size and instruction fetch and decode overhead.

Other floating-point and/or SIMD coprocessors found in ARM-based processors include FPA, FPE, iwMMXt. They provide some of the same functionality as VFP but are not opcode-compatible with it.

Advanced SIMD (NEON)

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The Advanced SIMD extension, marketed as NEON technology, is a combined 64- and 128-bit single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instruction set that provides standardized acceleration for media and signal processing applications. NEON can execute MP3 audio decoding on CPUs running at 10 MHz and can run the GSM AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) speech codec at no more than 13 MHz. It features a comprehensive instruction set, separate register files and independent execution hardware. NEON supports 8-, 16-, 32- and 64-bit integer and single-precision (32-bit) floating-point data and operates in SIMD operations for handling audio and video processing as well as graphics and gaming processing. In NEON, the SIMD supports up to 16 operations at the same time. The NEON hardware shares the same floating-point registers as used in VFP.

Operating systems

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Acorn systems

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The very first ARM-based Acorn Archimedes personal computers ran an interim operating system called Arthur, which evolved into RISC OS, used on later ARM-based systems from Acorn and other vendors.

Embedded operating systems

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The ARM architecture is supported by a large number of embedded and real-time operating systems, including Windows CE, Symbian OS, FreeRTOS, eCos, INTEGRITY, Nucleus PLUS, MicroC/OS-II, QNX, RTXC Quadros, ThreadX and VxWorks.[38]

Unix-like

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The ARM architecture is supported by Unix and Unix-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux, BSD, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, Inferno, Solaris, Apple iOS, WebOS and Android.

Linux

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The following Linux distributions support ARM processors:

BSD

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The following BSD derivatives support ARM processors:

Solaris

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Windows

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Microsoft announced on 5 January 2011 that the next major version of the Windows NT family will include support for ARM processors. Microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of Windows (version 6.2.7867) running on an ARM-based computer at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.<ref name="windows-ces2011">Microsoft demonstrates early build of Windows 8

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