User:Huntsh27/sandbox

Training Exercise

A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The “More” options allows you to underline (U), cross-out text (S), add code snippets ( { } ), change language keyboards (Aあ), and clear all formatting ( ⃠ ).

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Cite: The citation tool in the Visual Editor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the Visual Editor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Once you've added a source, you can click the “re-use” tab to cite it again.

Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.

Ω: This tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.

Article Selection

Explored where I might contribute to Health Impact Assessment, Luminex technology (commercial), specific waterborne pathogens (noroviruses, cryptosporidium, giardia, etc.), green space, microbiome, etc. Eventually, settled on WB disease and WASH.

I noticed that the Health Impact Assessment did not have EPA's HIA website, so I added https://www.epa.gov/healthresearch/health-impact-assessments to Government HIA websites.

Edits to Waterborne diseases

I made edits in live article since I was only adding a some microbes to the table section of the article (see below for additions). I also added several references, and external link, and a number of Wikipedia links.

In Introduction:

While diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of waterborne illness, other symptoms can include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems.

Surveillance

In the United States

The Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) is the principal database used to identify the causative agents, deficiencies, water systems, and sources associated with waterborne disease and outbreaks in the United States. Since 1971, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have maintained this surveillance system for collecting and reporting data on waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water, drinking water, and environmental exposures to water. Data from WBDOSS have supported EPA efforts to develop drinking water regulations and have provided guidance for CDC’s recreational water activities.

WBDOSS relies on complete and accurate data from public health departments in individual states, territories, and other U.S. jurisdictions regarding waterborne disease and outbreak activity. In 2009, reporting to the WBDOSS transitioned from a paper form to the electronic National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). Annual or biennial surveillance reports of the data collected by the WBDOSS have been published in CDC reports from 1971 to 1984; since 1985, surveillance data have been published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/surveillance-reports.html

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/index.html

2001 World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. Edited by Lorna Fewtrell and Jamie Bartram. Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK. ISBN: 1 900222 28 0

Infections by type of pathogen[edit]

Protozoa[edit]

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Acanthamoeba keratitis(cleaning of contact lenses with contaminated water)	Acanthamoeba spp.(A. castellanii and A. polyphaga)	widely-distributed free-living amoebae found in many types of aquatic environments, including surface water, tap water, swimming pools, and contact lens solutions	Eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sensation of something in the eye, and excessive tearing

Viruses[edit]

Disease and Transmission	Viral Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Hepatitis E (fecal-oral)	Hepatitis E virus (HEV)	Enters water through the fecesof infected individuals	Symptoms of acute hepatitis (liver disease), including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool, and joint pain
Acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI] (fecal-oral; spread by food, water, person-to-person, and fomites)	Norovirus	Enters water through the fecesof infected individuals	Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, stomach pain

Parasitic worms (Nematodes; Helminths)[edit]

Disease and Transmission	Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Dracunculiasis [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water)	Dracunculus medinensis	Female worm emerges from host skin and releases larvae in water	Slight fever, itchy rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, followed by formation of painful blister (typically on lower body parts)

Edits to WASH

Update Background to include change from MDG to SDG:

Since 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene has regularly produced estimates of global WASH progress. The JMP was responsible for monitoring the UN's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Target 7.C, which aimed to "halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation."^[7] This has been replaced by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where Goal 6 aims to "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all".^[8] The JMP is now responsible for tracking progress toward those SDG 6 Targets focused on improving the standard of WASH services, including Target 6.1) “by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all;” and Target 6.2) “by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.” In addition, the JMP collaborates with other organizations and agencies responsible for monitoring other WASH-related SDGs, including SDG Target 1.4 on improving access to basic services, SDG Target 3.9 on reducing deaths and illnesses from unsafe water, and SDG Target 4.a on building and upgrading adequate WASH services in schools.

To establish a reference point from which progress toward achieving the SDGs could be monitored, the JMP produced “Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines.” According to this report, 2.1 billion people worldwide lack safe water at home, including 844 million people who do not have basic drinking water services. Of those, 159 million people worldwide drink water directly from surface water sources, such as lakes and streams. In addition, WHO estimates that, globally, 4.5 billion people do not have toilets at home that can safely manage waste despite improvements in access to sanitation over the past decades. Approximately 600 million people share a toilet or latrine with other households and 892 million people practice open defecation. Furthermore, only 1 in 4 people in low-income countries have handwashing facilities with soap and water at home; only 14% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa have handwashing facilities.  Worldwide, at least 500 million women and girls lack adequate, safe, and private facilities for managing menstrual hygiene.

Inserted image of unsafe drinking water from Wikimedia Commons:

A woman is filling a UNICEF jerrycan at the Boromata well.