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Background

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Edi Rama of the Socialist Party (PS) has served as the Prime Minister of Albania since his inauguration on 11 September 2013.

Upon the completion of the 2017 parliamentary election, the Socialist Party (PS), led by Prime Minister Edi Rama, secured a second consecutive term.[1] The PS maintained a dominant position in the Kuvendi, winning 74 of the 140 seats.[2] The Democratic Party (PD) followed with 43 seats, while the Socialist Movement for Integration (LSI) obtained 19 seats.[2] Other parties represented included the Party for Justice, Integration and Unity (PDIU), with three seats, and the Social Democratic Party (PSD), with one seat.[2] By early 2019, a unrest arose as the opposition, particularly the PD and LSI, expressed intense dissatisfaction with the administration of Rama, citing allegations of perceived corruption and electoral fraud.[3] Both parties rescinded all their parliamentary mandates after the government voted down their initiative for the vetting of politicians.[4] This discontent led to their boycott of the municipal elections, as they claimed the process was neither free nor fair.[5][6] It resulted in the Komisioni Qendror i Zgjedhjeve (KQZ) reallocating vacant seats to remaining registered candidates.[7] The situation became further complicated by a confrontation between President Ilir Meta and Rama, with the former attempting to annul the municipal elections through a presidential decree, which prompted the latter to seek the dismissal of the president.[8][9] In November 2019, Albania was struck by a 6.4 magnitude earthquake centered near Durrës that resulted in substantial casualties and extensive infrastructural damage.[10][11]

In March 2020, Albania encountered additional complexities with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The government instituted a comprehensive set of public health measures, including nationwide lockdowns, travel restrictions, and the enforcement of social distancing protocols, which resulted in profound economic repercussions. In June, an agreement was reached to implement a depoliticised electoral administration, consistent with recommendations from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which included the introduction of electronic voter identification and the restructuring of the KQZ.[12] Subsequently, on 23 July, the Kuvendi adopted amendments to the Kodi Zgjedhor, followed by constitutional revisions on 30 July.[12] The parliament further initiated impeachment proceedings against Meta, however, an inquiry committee concluded that he had overstepped his constitutional authority by postponing municipal elections, impeachment was not warranted.[13] On 5 October 2020, the Kuvendi approved further amendments to the electoral code, aimed at enhancing gender representation, safeguarding public resources, and reforming candidate verification, nomination processes, campaign financing, and electoral dispute mechanisms.[14]

COVID-19 measures

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Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection implemented a comprehensive protocol to guarantee the safety of voters and electoral personnel during the election on 25 April.[15] Approved on 13 April, the protocol aimed to prevent virus transmission and maintain electoral integrity.[15] It specified that voting centers had to be located on the ground floor of buildings with proper ventilation.[16] All personnel and observers were required to complete a self-declaration form confirming the absence of COVID-19 symptoms, which included a mandatory temperature check.[17] Observers, both party-affiliated and independent, were allowed to monitor all phases of the electoral process without obstruction. Disinfection protocols were crucial, requiring voting spaces to be disinfected one day before the election and at regular intervals throughout the voting period. Hand sanitizers were made available at the entrance and throughout the area to promote hygiene.[16]

Strict social distancing guidelines limited the number of voters inside each voting center to the number of secret voting booths plus two additional individuals, with individuals waiting to vote required to maintain a distance of at least 1.5 meters.[16] Personal protective equipment, including masks, was mandatory for all election commission members and accredited observers, who had to wear masks at all times while inside the voting center. On election day, voters were required to sanitize their hands and wear masks before entering the polling area, while election officials managed orderly voter movements to facilitate social distancing.[16] Notably, 23,625 citizens infected with COVID-19 were unable to participate in the elections due to isolation protocols.[18] Furthermore, Albanian citizens returning from Greece and North Macedonia shortly before the election were barred from voting because of a 14-day quarantine mandate imposed by the Technical Committee of Experts on 19 April.[19][20] This decision prompted significant debate among the participating political parties and coalition but was upheld by the Administrative Court of Appeal.[21]

Electoral system

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Politics of Albania
 
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
  Albania

The electoral foundation of Albania is constructed upon the principles defined in the Kushtetuta and the Kodi Zgjedhor. As a parliamentary constitutional republic, Albania implements a regional proportional representation method that allocates seats in the Kuvendi according to the proportion of votes garnered by political parties in a multi-party system.[22][23][24] The Kuvendi is composed of 140 representatives with a term of four years, where 100 members are elected directly from multi-member constituencies and 40 members from multi-name lists of parties or coalitions.[23] The Kushtetuta codifies substantial democratic principles, stipulating that voting rights are equal, free, and conducted through secret ballot.[25][26] All citizens of Albania, upon reaching the age of 18 and have not been deprived of voting rights, are permitted to participate in elections.[27] The Kodi Zgjedhor also establishes comprehensive procedures for voter registration, ensuring that all eligible citizens can participate fully in the process. The allocation of representatives in the Kuvendi is integrated on population size within 12 electoral districts, which correspond to the administrative regions of Albania.[24] To ensure proportional representation, the d'Hondt method is employed for seat distribution, contingent upon an electoral threshold of 1%.[24] This method facilitates a fair allocation of seats relative to the number of registered citizens in each district of Albania.[24]

Election date

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According to the constitution, parliamentary elections in Albania are required to be conducted no later than 60 days and no earlier than 30 days prior to the expiration of the Kuvendi's mandate.[23] On 4 September 2020, President Ilir Meta initiated several consultations to determine the election date for the upcoming parliamentary elections, inviting representatives from both parliamentary and non-parliamentary political parties to the Presidenca.[28][29] The aim of the consultations was to ensure an organised and transparent electoral process.[30] Lulzim Basha of the Democratic Party proposed 18 April 2021 as the optimal election date, a suggestion that garnered support from other political leaders and smaller party representatives.[31] Edi Rama of the Socialist Party expressed a willingness to consider various dates but opposed 2 May due to its conflict with Easter celebrations.[31] Rudina Hajdari of Nisma Thurje countered with the suggestion of 2 May, arguing that elections could be conducted on holidays without compromising the democratic process.[31] This sentiment was echoed by Arben Tafaj of the Agrarian Party and Vangjel Dule of the Unity for Human Rights Party, who advocated for holding elections at the earliest possible opportunity.[31] Conclusively, on 6 September, Meta announced that the parliamentary elections would be scheduled for 25 April 2021.[32][33]

Parliamentary parties

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See also: List of political parties in Albania

As of the electoral code, a parliamentary party is defined as a political organisation that has achieved representation in the Kuvendi by obtaining a minimum of one seat in the most recent electoral contest.[34] Subsequent to the the 2017 parliamentary election, the Socialist Party obtained 74 of the 140 seats, emerging as the majority party.[2][35] The Democratic Party secured 43 seats, while the Socialist Movement for Integration acquired 19 seats.[2] Further, the Party for Justice, Integration, and Unity received 3 seats, and the Social Democratic Party attained 1 seat.[2]

Name Ideology Position Leader 2017 result
Votes (%) Seats
PS Socialist Party of Albania
Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë 		Social democracy Centre-left Edi Rama 48.34
74 / 140
PD Democratic Party of Albania
Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë 		Conservatism Centre-right Lulzim Basha 28.85
43 / 140
LSI Socialist Movement for Integration
Lëvizja Socialiste për Integrim 		Social democracy Centre-left Monika Kryemadhi 14.28
19 / 140
PDIU Party for Justice, Integration and Unity
Partia Drejtësi, Integrim dhe Unitet 		Minority Right-wing Shpëtim Idrizi 4.81
3 / 140
PSD Social Democratic Party of Albania
Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipërisë 		Social democracy Centre-left Engjell Bejtja 0.95
1 / 140

Participating parties and coalitions

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According to the electoral code, each political party is mandated to submit a registration request to the KQZ no later than 70 days prior to the scheduled election date.[36] This request must comprehensively contain several critical components, including the identity of the party chair authorised to present candidates, the official name and acronym of the party, a specimen of the official stamp, and the contact information for both the finance officer and communication officer.[37] Registered political parties have the option to form coalitions, which must also be registered with the KQZ at least 60 days before the election.[38] A political party that is part of a coalition is restricted from engaging in another coalition or presenting candidates independently.[38] The coalition is required to designate a leading party, which assumes the responsibility for fulfilling the legal obligations formed in the electoral code, and to document inter-party relations in a formal coalition agreement submitted to the KQZ.[38] It is essential that both political parties and coalitions submit a multi-name list of candidates for the Kuvendi election no later than 50 days prior to the election.[39] For the 2021 parliamentary election, the Socialist Party opted to participate independently, stating its intention to avoid political coalitions.[40] The Democratic Party formed a coalition called the Democratic Party-Alliance for Change (PD-AN) with 12 other parties to present a unified candidate list.[41][42] The Socialist Movement for Integration also announced its intention to compete independently, while indicating plans to corporate with the two major opposition parties in the counties of Dibër, Gjirokastër and Kukës to create a joint candidate list.[40] However, the KQZ did not register the Party for Albanian People's Welfare, the Labor Party of Albania, and the Party for the Defense of Albanian Workers' Rights due to the absence of a designated bank account number in their submissions.[43] Furthermore, the coalition National Hour Alliance – Emigration – People's Union and Conservatives (AOKBPEK) was formed by the Conservative Party, comprising four parties.[44][45]

Electoral lists

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On 1 April 2021, the KQZ confirmed the electoral lists for the parliamentary election.[46] Political parties were required to register by 15 February, while coalitions had until 25 February to complete their registration.[43] A total of 1,871 candidates were registered, of which 732 were women, aligning with the electoral code's mandate that at least one third of candidates from the underrepresented gender must be included on each list.[47] The code also stipulates that candidate lists must incorporate at least one woman for every three candidates, starting from the first position, although the specifics regarding sequencing were somewhat ambiguous.[48] Candidates were required to submit lists for each of the 12 electoral districts, with parties needing to collect 5,000 voter signatures and coalitions 7,000 signatures to validate their participation.[39][49] However, parliamentary parties and coalitions that jointly hold a number of parliamentary seats equal to or exceeding the number of parties in the coalition were exempt from this signature requirement.[50] A total of 49 party requests were submitted, with 46 parties and three coalitions registered.[49] The final candidate lists consisted of ten parties, two coalitions, and five independent candidates.[46] Independent candidates could enter the election by being nominated by a group of voters, but they were restricted to appearing on only one list.[50] Furthermore, voters were permitted to support multiple candidate lists throughout the electoral process.[50]

Electoral campaigns

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The electoral campaign in Albania is regulated to initiate 30 days before the scheduled election date and must conclude 24 hours prior to the initiation of voting.[64] The day preceding the election and the election day itselfare designated as periods of electoral silence, during which all forms of electoral campaigning are strictly prohibited.[64] In the 2021 parliamentary elections, the campaign period began on 26 March, characterised by a variety of methods, including public gatherings and door-to-door canvassing.[65] In response to the pandemic, there was a significant emphasis on digital campaigning, with social media platforms and messaging platforms playing a intigral role in voter engagement.[65] The legal provisions designated the start date for the campaign for the 2021 parliamentary elections as 26 March.[65] However, several participants, including the Socialist Party and the Democratic Party-Alliance for Change, began preliminary campaign activities and political advertising prior to this date.[66]

The election campaign was particularly tense and polarized, with the two main parties exchanging heavy accusations. Issues such as Albania's EU accession negotiations, economic growth, democratic reforms, and the response to the coronavirus pandemic are the topics that dominate the public debate. Several incidents occurred between supporters of the two factions, the most serious being the death of one and the wounding of four others in a clash a few days before the elections.

Issues

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Socialist Party

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The Socialist Party initiated its electoral campaign on 25 March with a rally at Skanderbeg Square in Tirana.[67] The rally was characterised by a staging that displayed the party's emblematic rose, complemented by large screens that presented the candidates and their key messages.[67] Each of the 12 parliamentary candidates articulated their visions and objectives, reinforcing their alignment with the electoral agenda.[68] Adhering to public health regulations during the pandemic, social distancing measures were implemented to ensure the safety of all candidates in attendance.[69]

  • On 10 February, Rama announced through social media that the party's program for the forthcoming parliamentary elections was nearing completion.[70][71][72] He indicated that the program aimed to define a comprehensive vision for Albania by 2030, captured by the accompanying slogan "No time for rest!".[73]
  • On 3 March, Rama presented his campaign objectives at the event "Rruga drejt 25 Prillit – Drejtësia që duam", highlighting the paramount importance of the judicial reforms in Albania.[74] He contended that ongoing governance is crucial for addressing systemic issues that have persisted during his eight years in office.[75] Rama observed that justice has been relegated to a secondary status in public discourse and acknowledged the widespread frustration among citizens regarding the perceived impunity of those in positions of power.[75] He posited that the forthcoming elections could significantly shape the future of the judicial system for the next decade.[75] By prioritising justice over other pressing issues such as healthcare and education, Rama sought to engage public sentiment and called for collective participation to facilitate reforms aimed at fostering a more equitable future for Albania.[75]
  • On 4 March, Rama continued his campaign at the event "Shëndetësia që duam", where he highlighted the significant advancements in Albania's healthcare system.[76] He described the government's response to COVID-19 as a remarkable development, noting that substantial investments have restored dignity to healthcare workers through improved working conditions and increased salaries based on merit.[77] Rama emphasized the gratitude owed to healthcare professionals, acknowledging both their heroism and the need to address instances of misconduct.[78] He reported that thousands of medical personnel have received financial bonuses and have been employed through merit-based systems.[77] Furthermore, he compared the current state of the healthcare system to the conditions when he assumed office, asserting that the improvements are as distinct as "night and day".[77]
  • On 5 March, Rama addressed the "Rindërtimi nuk ndalet" event, outlining the government's ongoing reconstruction initiatives following the 2019 earthquake.[79] He asserted that no families have been left homeless, apart from 500 who opted to remain in tents due to property ties while receiving rental assistance.[80] Rama emphasized the administration's commitment to constructing improved housing, critiquing reliance on loans and asserting that many current projects were initiated prior to the election cycle and are advancing effectively.[80] He pledged the development of high-standard educational facilities and kindergartens comparable to those in the EU, with a focus on creating quality residential neighborhoods.[80] Rama directed criticism towards the opposition, contending that their electoral success could undermine the reconstruction efforts, thereby highlighting the contrast between his government's proactive approach and the previous administration's shortcomings.[79]

8-18 March

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  • On 8 March, Rama delivered a keynote address at the event titled "Shqipëria e ardhmja, emigracioni e shkuara", focusing on the issue of Albanian emigration. He traced the historical trajectory of emigration from the period of World War II to the fall of communism, highlighting the protracted isolation under Enver Hoxha as a significant catalyst for mass emigration. Rama articulated a vision for Albania as a nation that should serve as the primary choice for its citizens rather than a site of emigration. He criticized the political discourse surrounding emigration statistics, arguing that sensationalist portrayals distort the underlying realities and impede constructive dialogue. He expressed a commitment to reversing the trend of emigration through a detailed action plan developed by the Socialist Party, which he intends to disclose incrementally. Rama's vision for 2030 aims to establish Albania as an appealing destination for both domestic citizens and expatriates, supported by advancements in other major fields.
  • 10 March (NISIM SPRINTIN DREJT 25 PRILLIT)
  • 16 March (SHKOLLA dhe UNIVERSITETI)
  • 18 March (UJI dhe ENERGJIA)
  • 19 March (Shërbimet për Qytetarët dhe Biznesin)

Other

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April 2021:

Democratic Party–Alliance for Change

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Other parties

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Electoral results

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The 2021 parliamentary elections took place on 25 April 2021 from 07:00 to 19:00 Central European Time (CET) and recorded a total of 3,588,869 registered voters.[81][82] Voter turnout was at 46.29%, with 1,661,176 ballots cast across 5,199 voting centres throughout Albania.[83][84] The Socialist Party emerged as the predominant political force in the elections, securing 768,134 votes, which represented 48.67% of the total electorate, and successfully maintaining its representation with 74 seats in the Kuvendi. The Democratic Party – Alliance for Change demonstrated significant improvement in the elections, receiving 622,187 votes, equivalent to 39.43% of the electorate, a notable increase from its lows in both 2013 and 2017. This recovery was aided by the incorporation of several smaller parties, which strengthened its electoral coalition and overall representation to 59 seats in the Kuvendi.[85] Contrary, the Socialist Movement for Integration encountered a considerable decline, obtaining 107,538 votes, or 6.81%, and reducing its seat count to 4, reflecting a loss of 15 seats compared to the 2017 elections. Smaller parties also participated, with the Social Democratic Party attracting 35,475 votes, representing 2.25%, and securing 3 seats. Nisma Thurje garnered 10,217 votes, amounting to 0.65%, yet failed to achieve parliamentary representation.

A significant concern during the elections was the high number of invalid votes, totaling 83,059, which accounted for 5.00% of the total ballots cast.[85] This issue was largely attributed to voter confusion with the new ballot design, which did not display the names of candidates for preferential votes, only their corresponding numbers.[85][86]

 
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Socialist Party768,13448.67740
Democratic Party – Alliance for Change622,18739.4359New
Socialist Movement for Integration107,5386.814–15
Social Democratic Party35,4752.253+2
Nisma Thurje10,2170.650New
Democratic Conviction8,2390.520New
Movement for Change7,0540.450New
Albanian Democratic Movement Party4,7050.300New
New Movement Party3,7670.240New
New Democracy Alliance Party3,2320.200New
Albanian National Front Party1,9460.120New
National Hour Alliance – Emigration – People's Union and Conservatives1,3760.090New
Independents4,2470.270–
Total1,578,117100.00140–
Valid votes1,578,11795.00
Invalid/blank votes83,0595.00
Total votes1,661,176100.00
Registered voters/turnout3,588,86946.29
Source: KQZ[83] and OSCE[81]

Results by constituency

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Party affiliation of winning parties or coalition by constituency.

The 2021 parliamentary elections revealed varied results across the Albanian constituencies. The Socialist Party emerged as the dominant political force, securing 48.67% of the total electorate. It achieved significant victories among others in Berat with 55.97% and 5 seats, in Elbasan with 55.21% and 8 seats, and in Vlorë with 57.91% and 8 seats, demonstrating substantial endorsement in the southwestern and southern regions, while experiencing diminished endorsement in the northwestern and northeastern areas.[85] The Democratic Party – Alliance for Change received 39.43% of the electorate, aided by the incorporation of several smaller parties that strengthened its coalition. Notable results were recorded among others in Kukës, where it garnered 62.27% and 2 seats, and in Dibër, where it secured 45.13% and 3 seats. The Socialist Movement for Integration faced a marked decline, obtaining 6.81% of the total electorate and securing representation primarily in Fier and Korçë. The Social Democratic Party garnered 2.25% of the vote, achieving representation in Shkodër and Tirana.

Constituency PS PD – AC LSI PSD
% Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats
Berat 55.97 5 30.44 2 11.12 – 0.50 –
Dibër 44.70 2 45.13 3 6.91 – 0.70 –
Durrës 50.26 8 41.44 6 6.20 – 0.43 –
Elbasan 55.21 8 37.06 6 4.42 – 0.38 –
Fier 52.77 9 37.27 6 7.10 1 0.46 –
Gjirokastër 53.83 3 30.66 1 12.68 – 1.16 –
Korçë 48.90 6 40.77 5 6.86 – 1.02 –
Kukës 35.84 1 62.27 2 0.17 – 0.47 –
Lezhë 38.03 3 47.42 4 10.34 – 0.44 –
Shkodër 28.11 3 43.80 5 9.37 1 15.24 2
Tirana 48.67 18 39.12 15 6.00 2 2.85 1
Vlorë 57.91 8 31.52 4 6.08 – 0.60 –
Total 48.67 74 39.43 59 6.81 4 2.25 3

References

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  37. ^ OSCE Electoral Code 2021, pp. 44–45, Article 64.
  38. ^ a b c OSCE Electoral Code 2021, p. 45, Article 65.
  39. ^ a b OSCE Electoral Code 2021, p. 45, Article 67.
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Sources

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