Marcus Annius Verus Caesar was the son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, the 12th of 13 children. Annius was made caesar on 12 October 166 AD, alongside Commodus, designating them co-heirs of the Roman Empire. Annius died on 10 September 169, due to complications from a surgery to remove a tumor from under his ear. His death left Commodus as the sole heir.
Life
editMarcus Annius Verus was born in late 162 AD,[1] the son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger. He was given the name of Marcus Annius Verus because it was the original name of his father, Marcus Aurelius.[2]
On 12 October 166 AD, during a triumph celebrating the victory of the Romans in the Parthian War of Lucius Verus, Verus and Commodus were both made caesars, designating them as co-heirs to the Roman Empire. At the time, Annius was three, and Commodus was five.[3][1] This was the first time such an explicit declaration of heirship had been made at such a young age,[4] and showed a marked shift from the traditional cursus honorum, in which a presumed heir would be gradually raised through offices of increasing importance, in order to learn the skills of all positions, to a new system of imperial succession, wherein dynastic hereditary descent was the path to the throne, with heirs being instructed in how to be an emperor.[5]
Annius died on 10 September 169 AD, at seven years of age, due to complications in removing a tumor from under his ear.[6][7][8] This left Commodus as the sole heir.[3] His father, Marcus Aurelius, mourned his death for just five days, while still continuing public work.[7] Aurelius argued that because the games of Jupiter Optimus Maximus were ongoing, he should not interrupt them with his morning. His lack of mourning was likely influenced by his Stoic philosophy, which taught of the dangers of emotion, and the brutal culture of the Romans, which considered hysterical grief at the loss of loved ones as unmanly and unnatural.[9] Aurelius did have his name inserted into the into the Carmen Saliare, the ritual songs sung by the Salii,[10][9] and ordered for statues to be made in his honor, and a golden image of him to be carried during the procession of the games.[9]
Family
editAnnius Verus was the son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger. Annius was the younger brother of, in order of birth, Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina, Gemellus Lucillae and Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (twins), Titus Aelius Antoninus, Titus Aelius Aurelius, Hadrianus, Domitia Faustina, Annia Aurelia Fadilla, Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (twins). Annius was the older brother of Vibia Aurelia Sabina.[11][12]
References
edit- ^ a b Adams 2013a, p. 94.
- ^ Stephens 2012, p. 22.
- ^ a b Adams 2013b, p. 82.
- ^ Adams 2013b, p. 95.
- ^ Adams 2013b, p. 99.
- ^ Adams 2013a, p. 104.
- ^ a b Stephens 2012, p. 31.
- ^ Klonnek 2014, p. 169.
- ^ a b c McLynn 2009, p. 116.
- ^ Adams 2013a, p. 105.
- ^ Livius.
- ^ Vagi 2000, p. 247.
Bibliography
edit- Adams, Geoff W. (2013a). Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739176382.
- Adams, Geoff W. (2013b). The Emperor Commodus: Gladiator, Hercules or a Tyrant?. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781612337227.
- Klonnek, Martin (2014). Chronologie des Römischen Reiches 2: 2. Jh. - Jahr 100 bis 199 [Chronology of the Roman Empire 2: 2nd century - year 100 to 199] (in German). Berlin epubli GmbH. ISBN 9783737507028.
- McLynn, Frank (2009). Marcus Aurelius: a Life. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786745807.
- Stephens, William O. (2012). Marcus Aurelius: a Guide for the Perplexed. New York: Continuum International Publications Group. ISBN 9781441108104.
- Vagi, David L. (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C.- A.D. 480. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 9781579583163.
Websites
edit- "Marcus Aurelius - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.