| Victor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire with Magnus Maximus | |||||
.jpg) A Solidus minted for Victor | |||||
| Co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire | |||||
| Reign | 383/384 or 387 – August 388 as Western Roman Emperor (with Magnus Maximus) | ||||
| Predecessor | Gratian | ||||
| Successor | Valentinian II | ||||
| Died | August 388 Trier | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Magnus Maximus | ||||
Victor (Latin: Flavius Victor Augustus; Unknown – August 388 AD) was a Western Roman Emperor from either 383/384 or 387 to August 388. He was was the son of the Minister militum per Gallias Magnus Maximus, who later became an usurper of the Western Roman Empire, in opposition to Gratian. Maximus rose up in 383, and was recognized as the legitimate emperor in the west by Theodosius I. However, after Maximus invaded Italy, in 387, to depose Valentinian II, the brother and successor of the late Gratian, Theodosius invaded in 388. Theodosius defeated Maximus in two battles in Pannonia, before crushing his army at Aquilea, and capturing Maximus. Maximus was executed on 28 August 388, followed quickly by Victor, who had stayed in Trier.
History
editFlavius Victor was born at an unknown date, to Magnus Maximus, the Magister militum per Gallias, and future usurper of the Western Roman Empire. Maximus was declared emperor in July 383 AD while in Britain, in opposition to Gratian.[1][2] Maximus held control over both Gaul and Spain, and was recognized by Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor, as the true Western Roman Emperor.[2]
Victor was elevated to augustus of the Western Roman Empire either 383/384 or mid-378, making him co-emperor with his father Magnus Maximus.[2][3] It is considered highly likely that Maximus had the intent of establishing a dynasty, as the number of coins minted that bore Victor's image was greater even than the number bearing Maximus'.[4]
Magnus Maximus invaded Italy in late 387, in order to depose Valentinian II, the brother of Gratian. He gained control of Italy, although he failed to capture Valentinian, who fled to Thessalonica in the Eastern Roman Empire. Once there, Valentinian sent multiple appeals to Theodosius, although for several months they were ignored. Theodosius I then agreed to restore Valentinian II to the throne, although the reasoning for this is disputed. Rufinus says that Valentinian agreed to convert to Orthodoxy, whereas Eunapius says that Valentinian offered his sister, Galla, in marriage to Theodosius, whose wife had recently died, in exchange for assistance in regaining the throne. News that Theodosius was marching to invade the Western Roman Empire arrived in late spring 388, leading Maximus to rush to put together a defence force. His army was defeated twice in Pannonia, at Siscia and Poetovio, before retreating to Italy, where they were crushed in battle on 28 August 388, near Aquilea. During this battle, Maximus himself was captured, and quickly beheaded. Victor, who was still in Gaul, was executed in Trier by the Frankish general Arbogast in the same month.[2][5][6]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Hebblewhite 2016, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d Adkins & Adkins 1998, p. 35.
- ^ McEvoy 2013, p. 91.
- ^ McEvoy 2013, p. 92.
- ^ Errington 2007, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Birley 2005, p. 450.
Bibliography
edit- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195123326.
- Birley, Anthony R. (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252374.
- Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807877456.
- Hebblewhite, Mark (2016). The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317034308.
- McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367-455. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199664818.