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Kefauver (1953-1961)

Carey Estes Kefauver (/ˈɛstɪs ˈkiːfɔːvər/ EST-iss KEE-faw-vər; July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American politician who served as the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously he previously served as a representative and senator from Tennessee.

Estes Kefauver
Kefauver in 1951
34th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Vice President	Adlai Stevenson II
Preceded by	Harry S. Truman
Succeeded by	Nelson Rockefeller
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office January 3, 1949 – November 17, 1952
Preceded by	Tom Stewart
Succeeded by	Herbert S. Walters
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 3rd district
In office September 13, 1939 – January 3, 1949
Preceded by	Sam D. McReynolds
Succeeded by	James B. Frazier Jr.
Personal details
Born	Carey Estes Kefauver (1903-07-26)July 26, 1903 Madisonville, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	August 10, 1963(1963-08-10) (aged 60) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Nancy Patterson Pigott ​ ​ (m. 1935)​
Children	4
Education	University of Tennessee (BA) Yale University (LLB)

In the 1952 presidential election, despite losing the popular vote, Kefauver won a surprise close victory against Republican Party nominee Robert A. Taft. Four years later, he won re-election in the 1956 election, defeating Republican nominee William Knowland.

Kefauver's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and expand welfare. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. He supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was cancelled when a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Kefauver approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to Nelson Rockefeller to carry out.

On the domestic front, Kefauver governed as a moderate progressive who expanded the New Deal agencies and Social Security. He opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National Defense Education Act. The Soviet Union began to reinforce their own space program, escalating the Space Race. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958. In his farewell address, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the military–industrial complex". Historical evaluations of his presidency place him among the upper tier of American presidents.

Stevenson II

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (/ˈædleɪ/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Minnesota from 1964 to 1976, he was the Democratic Party's nominee in the 1984 presidential election, but lost to incumbent Ronald Reagan in an Electoral College and popular vote landslide.

Adlai Stevenson II
Official portrait, 1960
36th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
President	Estes Kefauver
Preceded by	Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by	Walter Judd
31st Governor of Illinois
In office January 10, 1949 – January 12, 1953
Lieutenant	Sherwood Dixon
Preceded by	Dwight H. Green
Succeeded by	William Stratton
Personal details
Born	Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (1900-02-05)February 5, 1900 Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died	July 14, 1965(1965-07-14) (aged 65) London, England
Resting place	Evergreen Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Ellen Borden ​ ​ (m. 1928; div. 1949)​
Children	3, including Adlai III
Parent	Lewis Stevenson (father)
Relatives	Stevenson family
Education	Princeton University (BA) Northwestern University (JD)
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1918
Rank	Seaman second class

In 1948, he was elected governor of Illinois, defeating incumbent governor Dwight H. Green in an upset. As governor, Stevenson reformed the state police, cracked down on illegal gambling, improved the state highways, and attempted to cleanse the state government of corruption. Stevenson also sought, with mixed success, to reform the Illinois state constitution and introduced several crime bills in the state legislature.

In the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections, he was chosen as the Democratic nominee for president, but was defeated in a landslide by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower both times. In 1960, he unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time at the Democratic National Convention. After President John F. Kennedy was elected, he appointed Stevenson as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Two major events Stevenson dealt with during his time as UN ambassador were the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. He was still serving as UN ambassador when he suffered a heart attack during a visit to London on July 14, 1965, dying later that day at the age of 65. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in his hometown of Bloomington, Illinois.