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Genotoxicity

Cancer

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-genotoxicity.htm

"the property of genotoxicity only applies to those substances that actually cause harm to the genetic information. A substance that has the property of genotoxicity is known as a genotoxin"

"Genotoxins can be carcinogens, or cancer-causing agents"

"Some genotoxins, such as those that affect cancer-suppressing genes, are considered carcinogenic, as they can lead to cancer."

"Substances with genotoxicity can cause mutations in cells that cause them to divide and grow uncontrollably"

"They can also have damaging effects on various proteins and other substances that normally prevent such uncontrolled cell growth. "

http://ec.europa.eu/health/opinions2/en/electromagnetic-fields/glossary/ghi/genotoxic-genotoxicity.htm

Genotoxic substances are not all necessarily carcinogenic.

Mechanism

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-genotoxicity.htm

"most common mechanisms involves the formation of strong chemical bonds between the genotoxins and the molecules that compose genetic information, such as DNA and RNA. In some cases, these bonds do not strongly affect the existing genetic data. They do, however, prevent the proper replication of the genetic information. Such changes in the process of genetic replication can cause myriad problems, as genes affect nearly every aspect of living organisms."

http://ec.europa.eu/health/opinions2/en/electromagnetic-fields/glossary/ghi/genotoxic-genotoxicity.htm

"genotoxins may bind directly to DNA or act indirectly leading to DNA damage by affecting enzymes involved in DNA replication, thereby causing mutations which may or may not lead to cancer or birth defects."

http://www.cancerquest.org/genotoxic-chemotherapy-drugs.html

Genotoxic Chemotherapy

Genotoxic Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with the use of one or more genotoxic drugs. The treatment is traditionally part of standardized regime.By utilizing the destructive properties of genotoxins treatments aims to induce DNA damage into cancer cells. Any damage done to a cancer is passed on to descendent cancer cells as proliferation continues. If this this damage is severe enough it will induce cells to undergo apoptosis.

Risks

A drawback of treatment is that many genotoxic drugs are effective on cancerous cells and normal cells alike. Selectivity of a particular drug's action is based on the sensitivity of the cells themselves so while rapidly dividing cancer cells are particularly sensitive to many drug treatments oftentimes normal functioning cells are effected.

Another risk of treatment is that in addition to being genotoxic many of the drugs are also mutagenic and cytotoxic. So the effects of these drugs are not limited to just DNA damage. In addition, some of these drugs that are meant to treat cancers are also carcinogens themselves, raising the risk of secondary cancers, such as leukemia.

Different Treatments

Treatment	Mechanism	Examples
Alkylating agents	interfere with DNA replication and transcription by modifying DNA bases.	Bulsulfan, Carmustine, Mechlorethamine
Intercalating agents	interfere with DNA replication and transcription by wedging themselves into the spaces in between DNA's nucelotides	Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin
Enzyme inhibitors	inhibit enzymes that are crucial to DNA replication	Decitabine, Etoposide, Irinotecan