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Here I have created my sandbox, the first step to learning to edit Wikipedia pages and completing my ENM413 assessment item.

Taxonomy and Naming

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The Sandy inland mouse was first described by Waite (1896) as Mus hermannsburgensis following the Horn scientific expedition in 1894 during which the natural history of central Australia was studied[1][2]. Following this it was placed in Pseudomys and Leggadina by various different people, but has prevailed in Pseudomys since 1970[1].

Leggadina hermannsburgensis brazenori has been identified as a synonym of Pseudomys hermannsburgensis, and while it has no currently identified subspecies Pseudomys bolami was previously thought of as a subspecies[2].

Description

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The Sandy inland mouse is greyish-brown to sandy-brown with off-white underside. Adults weigh approximately 9 to 15 grams, and measure 55-80mm from nose to base of tail with a tail between 70 and 90mm [3][4][5][6].

Physically similar to the several other species including the house mouse it differs by lacks the notched incisors and distinctive musty odour of M. domesticus. The Sandy inland mouse can be distinguished from several species including P. chapmani, P. delicatulus and Mus musculus by the pattern of the footpads[7][4]. Furthermore it has smaller ears and hind feet than Bolam’s Mouse, and the tail is shorter and less heavily furred[4] allowing distinction between the two species.

Distribution

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Endemic to Australia, the Sandy inland mouse can be found widely yet sparsely throughout arid and semi-arid areas of central southern and western Australia [8].

The Sandy inland mouse is present through New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. The major focus of studies on the species appears to centre on NSW where it has been found in Sturt National Park, Fowlers Gap Station north of Broken Hill, near Kajuligah Nature Reserve north of Ivanhoe, the Enngonia area north-east of Bourke, and at several locations in the Tibooburra area[4]. It is also found on some islands off the coast of Western Australia, including Dirk Hartog, Dixon, Rosemary, and Hope off the Pilbara [9].

Populations in central Australia are thought to be largely sedentary despite observations of individuals covering distances of up to 14km in NSW and Queensland [10][4]

Habitat

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Sandy inland mouse habitat is generally characterised by open vegetation, with a preference for friable soils such as sands and sandy loams on arid plains and dunes. Examples include, hummock grasslands, Mulga flats, alluvial flats and gibber plains, with Coolibah and Acacia woodlands having been observed as popular habitat [4].

With a diet heavy in spinifex seed the Sandy inland mouse is known to forage under heavy spinifex cover [11], with a preference for burnt over unburnt habitat [12].

Ecology

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Life Cycle

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Nocturnal in nature, the Sandy inland mouse will hide in burrows up to 50cm underground during the day[3][8] sometimes in the burrows of other animals[4][13]. During non-breeding periods large congregation of individuals in a single burrow are common, while during breeding periods groups are generally smaller, with 4 or 5 members[8]. Burrows have been characterised by the absence of a soil mound by the entrance[4].

Despite some previous observations of individuals entering a torpor like state[4] it is believed that Sandy inland mouse do not use torpor as an energy or water conservation strategy [14]. However, they are understood to be able to survive hypothermia[14].

Diet

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The Sandy inland mouse is omnivorous[11], feeding on a range of plant and animal matter depending upon availability. While grains, in particular spinifex seed and other plant materials make ups the bulk of the mouse’s diet during autumn the proportion of invertebrates consumed has been observed to increase considerably, to as much as 60% of food intake[11]. Spiders are the most common invertebrate found in the diet, with beetles and beetle larvae also being eaten[4]. It has been proposed that the increase in invertebrate consumption during autumn is a function of increased invertebrate numbers which result following rain[11].

Several factors have been listed as reasons for omnivory as its dietary strategy. The Sandy inland mouse lacks the physical and behavioural adaptations of the granivorous North American heteromyid such as cheek pouches and seed-caching through scratch digging holes; in addition, it is thought their digestive anatomy makes them better suited to an omnivorous diet. It has also been suggested that due to the extreme nature of the climate in the areas the species inhabits, dietary opportunism is the favoured mechanism for survival[11].  

Trials have indicated that Sandy inland mouse will select seed with high water content over seed with lower water content, which is an important dietary adaptation for survival in the conditions of arid Australia [15]. Evidence also exists that it can survive indefinitely on a diet of air dried seed without drinking water[16].

Reproduction

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Sandy inland mouse does not adhere to a strict seasonal breeding strategy, instead employing a combination of opportunistic and seasonal strategy, breeding following rainfall or when food resources are abundant[4]. Gestation lasts between 29 and 34 days with a typical litter of 3 or 4 [17][18], in captivity litter size can be up to 5 or 6[4][19]. Young are naked and weigh roughly 2g at birth, but mature quickly with independence at 30 days and reproductive maturity at 3 months[4].

Population Dynamics

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Classified as an r-strategist, populations of Sandy inland mouse are known to persist in low densities during extended periods of dry conditions in Australia’s arid and semi-arid interior, and then erupt dramatically following significant rain[4][20]. Population fluctuations of up to 40 fold have been observed in parts of western Queensland[21]. Fluctuations in population numbers have been primarily linked to food availability which increases following significant rain events [4][22].

Threats

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Habitat modification because of grazing activity presents the greatest threat to the Sandy Inland mouse[3], while predation by foxes, cats and Barn Owls, use of 1080 baits, pesticides and establishment of artificial water points have all been identified as potential threats to populations of the Sandy inland mouse[4].   

Conservation

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Sandy inland mouse is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[9].

In New South Wales the species is listed as vulnerable under Schedule 2 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (as of September 2007)[4].

Queensland lists the species as Least Concern under the Nature Conservation Act 1992[23].

The species is not listed in any other state or territory listing, additionally the species is not listed under the Australian Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1995.

References

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  1. ^ a b Jackson, Stephen M. (2015). Taxonomy of Australian mammals. Groves, Colin P. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9781486300136. OCLC 882909166.
  2. ^ a b Troughton, Ellis Le G. (1932-04-20). "On five new rats of the genus Pseudomys". Records of the Australian Museum. 18 (6): 287–294. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.18.1932.731. ISSN 0067-1975.
  3. ^ a b c Dickman, Christopher R. (1993). The biology and management of native rodents of the arid zone in NSW. Hurstville, N.S.W.: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. ISBN 0730573915. OCLC 38376119.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Forrest's Mouse (Leggadina forresti) and Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) recovery plan : prepared in accordance with the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Hurstville, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Sevice. 2002. ISBN 0731365151. OCLC 223379720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ The mammals of Australia (2nd ed.). Sydney: Australian Museum. 1998. ISBN 1876334886. OCLC 223154432.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Bill, Breed; Ford, Fred (2007). Native mice and rats. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. ISBN 9780643091665. OCLC 191028535.
  7. ^ Cooper, N. K. (1993). "Identification of Pseudomys chapmani, P. hermannsburgensis, P. delicatulus and Mus musculus using footpad patterns". Western Australian Naturalist. 19: 69–73.
  8. ^ a b c Threatened species of Western New South Wales. Ayers, Danielle., Nash, Sharon., Baggett, Karen., New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Hurstville, NSW: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1996. ISBN 0731076427. OCLC 38758828.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ a b Kemper, C. & Burbidge, A. (2008). "Pseudomys hermannsburgensis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t18566a8454168.en. Retrieved 2018-06-07.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Dickman, C.R.; Predavec, M.; Downey, F.J. (1995). "Long-range movements of small mammals in arid Australia: implications for land management". Journal of Arid Environments. 31 (4): 441–452. doi:10.1016/s0140-1963(05)80127-2. ISSN 0140-1963.
  11. ^ a b c d e Murray, Brad R.; Dickman, Chris R. (1994). "Granivory and microhabitat use in Australian desert rodents: are seeds important?". Oecologia. 99 (3–4): 216–225. doi:10.1007/bf00627733. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28313875. S2CID 25433907.
  12. ^ Doherty, Tim S.; Davis, Robert A.; van Etten, Eddie J. B. (2015). "A game of cat-and-mouse: microhabitat influences rodent foraging in recently burnt but not long unburnt shrublands". Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (2): 324–331. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv034. ISSN 0022-2372.
  13. ^ Barbara., Triggs (1996). Tracks, scats, and other traces : a field guide to Australian mammals. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195536436. OCLC 36205234.
  14. ^ a b Tomlinson, Sean; Withers, Philip C.; Cooper, Christine (2007). "Hypothermia versus torpor in response to cold stress in the native Australian mouse Pseudomys hermannsburgensis and the introduced house mouse Mus musculus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 148 (3): 645–650. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.013. ISSN 1095-6433. PMID 17826203.
  15. ^ Murray, Brad; Dickman, Chris (1997). "Factors affecting selection of native seeds in two species of Australian desert rodents". Journal of Arid Environments. 35 (3): 517–525. doi:10.1006/jare.1996.0180. ISSN 0140-1963.
  16. ^ MacMillen, Richard E.; Baudinette, Russell V.; Lee, Anthony K. (1972). "Water Economy and Energy Metabolism of the Sandy Inland Mouse, Leggadina hermannsburgensis". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 529–539. doi:10.2307/1379042. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1379042.
  17. ^ Breed, W. G. (1990). "Comparative studies on the timing of reproduction and foetal number in six species of Australian conilurine rodents (Muridae: Hydromyinae)". Journal of Zoology. 221 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb03770.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  18. ^ Firman, Renée C.; Bentley, Blair; Bowman, Faye; Marchant, Fernando García-Solís; Parthenay, Jahmila; Sawyer, Jessica; Stewart, Tom; O'Shea, James E. (2013). "No evidence of sperm conjugate formation in an Australian mouse bearing sperm with three hooks". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (7): 1856–1863. doi:10.1002/ece3.577. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3728929. PMID 23919134.
  19. ^ Firman, Renée C. (2013). "Female fitness, sperm traits and patterns of paternity in an Australian polyandrous mouse". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 68 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1643-1. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 16500360.
  20. ^ Dickman, Christopher R.; Greenville, Aaron C.; Beh, Chin-Liang; Tamayo, Bobby; Wardle, Glenda M. (2010). "Social organization and movements of desert rodents during population "booms" and "busts" in central Australia". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 798–810. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-205.1. ISSN 0022-2372. S2CID 85883036.
  21. ^ Predavec, M. (1994). "Population dynamics and environemental changes during natural irruptions of Australian desert rodents". Wildlife Research. 21 (5): 569–581. doi:10.1071/wr9940569. ISSN 1448-5494.
  22. ^ Dickman, Christopher R.; Greenville, Aaron C.; Tamayo, Bobby; Wardle, Glenda M. (2011). "Spatial dynamics of small mammals in central Australian desert habitats: the role of drought refugia". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (6): 1193–1209. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-S-329.1. ISSN 0022-2372. S2CID 86017686.
  23. ^ Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, The State of Queensland. "Species profile | Environment, land and water". environment.ehp.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
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