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The black-fronted titi (Callicebus nigrifrons) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey.
The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. [1] The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated around the face, the tail is slightly orange in color. [2][3] Body weight ranges from 1 to 2 kilograms and the head to body length is around 270 to 450 millimeters.[2] This species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. [3] Members of this species can live up to 12 years of age in captivity.[4]
Habitat and Distribution
editThe black-fronted titi is endemic to the Atlantic forest region of Brazil [5][6][2] and has a home range averaging 20 hectares.[6] The black-fronted titi is arboreal and prefers the middle to upper canopy of the forest.[3] However, it will move to the forest floor at times to forage, travel, and play.[4] Play behavior on the forest floor has been documented between black-fronted titis and marmosets in Brazil.[7]
Ecology
editDiet
editThe diet of the black-fronted titi is frugivorous and they forage in dense vegetation.[3] They are also known to eat leaves, seeds, invertebrates, and flowers. [5][8][6] Due to their highly frugivorous diet, they play a key role in seed dispersion.[9]
Predation
editPredators of the black-fronted titi include raptors, mammalian carnivores, snakes, and other primates.[3][1] Black-fronted titis are particularly vulnerable to raptor attacks when they move to the upper portion of the canopy to sunbathe on cold mornings.[3] After detecting a raptor black-fronted titis respond quickly using alarm calls and hiding.[3]
Behaviour
edit
The black-fronted titi is socially monogamous[10][3][2] and is typically found in a group of two to six individuals, which includes the adult pair and their offspring.[4][2] Females give birth to one offspring per year, usually in July or August.[11] Parental care and social activities with the offspring are carried out by the male of this species, while the female only provides milk.[11] Both males and females disperse from their natal group at three years of age. [4]
The black-fronted titi is territorial and will defend territories, food resources, and mates with loud calls individually or in duets or choruses.[6][4] Loud calls are used for within and between group communication and have a high amplitude and a low frequency which allows them to be heard over long distances.[12] Loud calls are broadcasted at dawn and when titis see or hear another group.[6] When confronted by a predator, duets and choruses can last up to two hours, with group members alternating between soft and loud calls. [13] There are no sex differences in calling behavior during predator interactions, both males and females will call. [3] The black-fronted titi can produce calls which encode the predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and predator location to nearby conspecifics.[14]
Characteristic of the Callicebinae family, black-fronted titis can be observed with interwoven tails, a behavior thought to reinforce pair bonds and strengthen social relationships.[15][16][17]
Conservation
editThe black-fronted titi is classified as near threatened by the IUCN due to extensive habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and an estimated population decline of more than 20% in the past 24 years.[4] Small, isolated populations are common due to fragmentation and in some areas this has led to the species going locally extinct.[2] Noise pollution can also negatively impact this species. One study found that noise from mining operations restricted the black-fronted titis long distance communication due to the overlap in frequency between mining noise and loud calls, this is significant for a species that relies heavily on vocal communication in social interactions.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Caselli, Christini B.; Gestich, Carla C.; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. (2017-08-01). "Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons )". American Journal of Primatology. 79 (10): e22688. doi:10.1002/ajp.22688. ISSN 0275-2565.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 100 (help) - ^ a b c d e f dos Santos, Glênio Pereira; Galvão, Cristiane; Young, Robert J. (2012-02-05). "The diet of wild black-fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons during a bamboo masting year". Primates. 53 (3): 265–272. doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cristiane., Cäsar, (2012). Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). University of St Andrews. OCLC 806194348.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Berthet, Mélissa; Mesbahi, Geoffrey; Duvot, Guilhem; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Cäsar, Cristiane; Bicca‐Marques, Júlio Cèsar (2021-10-05). "Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (12). doi:10.1002/ajp.23335. ISSN 0275-2565.
- ^ a b Caselli, Christini Barbosa; Setz, Eleonore Zulnara Freire (2011-08-23). "Feeding ecology and activity pattern of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in a semideciduous tropical forest of southern Brazil". Primates. 52 (4): 351–359. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0266-2. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ a b c d e f Duarte, M. H. L.; Kaizer, M. C.; Young, R. J.; Rodrigues, M.; Sousa-Lima, R. S. (2017-09-11). "Mining noise affects loud call structures and emission patterns of wild black-fronted titi monkeys". Primates. 59 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1007/s10329-017-0629-4. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ Souza-Alves, João Pedro; Mourthe, Italo; Hilário, Renato R.; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Rehg, Jennifer; Gestich, Carla C.; Acero-Murcia, Adriana C.; Adret, Patrice; Aquino, Rolando; Berthet, Mélissa; Bowler, Mark (2019-10-01). "Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (4): 553–572. doi:10.1007/s10764-019-00105-x. ISSN 1573-8604.
- ^ Nagy-Reis, Mariana B.; Setz, Eleonore Z. F. (2016-08-02). "Foraging strategies of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in relation to food availability in a seasonal tropical forest". Primates. 58 (1): 149–158. doi:10.1007/s10329-016-0556-9. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ Gestich, Carla Cristina; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B.; Caselli, Christini Barbosa (2019-10). "From dropping to dropping: The contribution of a small primate to seed dispersal in Atlantic Forest". Acta Oecologica. 100: 103464. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2019.103464. ISSN 1146-609X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Souza-Alves, João Pedro; Caselli, Christini B.; Gestich, Carla C.; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. (2019-02-20). "Should I store, or should I sync? The breeding strategy of two small Neotropical primates under predictable resource availability". Primates. 60 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00716-1. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ a b Cäsar, Cristiane; Young, Robert John (2007-10-16). "A case of adoption in a wild group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)". Primates. 49 (2): 146–148. doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ Caselli, Christini; Mennill, Daniel; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Setz, Eleonore (2014-03-03). "Vocal behavior of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons): Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts of loud calls". American Journal of Primatology. 76: 788–800.
- ^ Narbona Sabaté, Lara; Mesbahi, Geoffrey; Dezecache, Guillaume; Cäsar, Cristiane; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Berthet, Mélissa (2022-01-09). "Animal linguistics in the making: the Urgency Principle and titi monkeys' alarm system". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 0 (0): 1–17. doi:10.1080/03949370.2021.2015452. ISSN 0394-9370.
- ^ Cäsar, Cristiane; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Young, Robert J.; Byrne, Richard W. (2013-10-23). "Titi monkey call sequences vary with predator location and type". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130535. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0535. PMC 3971693. PMID 24004492.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Moynihan, M. (1966). "Communication in the Titi monkey, Callicebus". Journal of Zoology. 150 (1): 77–127. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02999.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
- ^ "Titi monkey". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
- ^ Bezerra, BM; Ferrari, S; Boyle, SA; Veiga, LM (August 2009). "Pitheciine Action Group Newsletter" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 2022-02-09.