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Preliminary Outline for Ribonucleotide article

Lead Section

Definition of ribonucleotide
General scope and description

Discovery of ribonucleotide

History of ribonucleotide

Structure

Explain the 4 different units of ribonucleotide
Distinction between nucleotide and ribonucleotide
Differentiate between purines and pyrimidines

Function

Ribonucleotide as precursors of deoxyribonucleotides
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine with a focus on the enzymes involved
Roles ribonucleotide play in RNA and how they are involved in transcription
Reduction of ribonucleotide

Images

References for Ribonucleotide Article

Ribonucleotide reductase genes in Escherichia coli

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential enzyme for all living organisms since is the responsible for the last step in the synthesis of the four deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) necessary for DNA replication and repair.

Molecular Biology of the Gene^[1]

Ribonucleotide reduction

Ribonucleotide reductase provides deoxynucleotides for nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA replication and repair.

Principles of Biochemistry ^[2]

Gives general information about structures of ribonucleotides
Provides information on how ribonucleotides differ from deoxyribonucleotides
Ribonucleotides are the Precursors of Deoxyribonucleotides-Deoxyribonucleotides are derived from the corresponding ribonucleotides by direct reduction at the 2'-deoxy derivative. Reaction is unusual as reduction occurs are a nonactivated carbon. The reaction is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. In E.coli, its substrates are ribonucleoside diphosphates. Reduction of the D-ribose portion of a ribonucleoside diphosphate to 2'-deoxy-D-ribose requires a pair of hydrogen atoms, which are donated by NADPH via an intermediate hydrogen-carrying protein, thioredoxin.

Ribonucleotide discrimination

DNA polymerases select against ribonucleotides which are present at much higher levels compared with deoxyribonucleotides.

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Unit 5: PubMed Assignment

The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world. As a result, atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground, surface, and drinking water. Atrazine is also a potent endocrine disruptor that is active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations^[3] It demasculinizes and feminizes the gonads of male vertebrates by producing testicular lesions associated with reduced germ cell numbers in teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and induces partial and/or complete feminization in fish, amphibians, and reptiles.^[4] Atrazine affects vertebrates through various mechanisms, but the mechanism most consistent with the effects observed on amphibian reproduction is the induction of aromatase, which is consistent with the natural sex differentiation process in X. laevis (African clawed frog).^[3]

Notes

^ Watson ... , James D. Watson ... [et; et al. (2007). Molecular biology of the gene (6th ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0805395921. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
^ Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2008). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 272–274, 888–890, 910. ISBN 9780716771081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Hayes, T. B.; Khoury, V.; Narayan, A.; Nazir, M.; Park, A.; Brown, T.; Adame, L.; Chan, E.; Buchholz, D.; Stueve, T.; Gallipeau, S. (2010 Mar 9). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4612–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. PMC 2842049. PMID 20194757. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Hayes, TB (2011 Oct). "Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 127 (1–2): 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.015. PMID 21419222. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[1] Watson ... , James D. Watson ... [et; et al. (2007). Molecular biology of the gene (6th ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0805395921. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)

[Principles_of_Biochemistry-2] Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2008). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 272–274, 888–890, 910. ISBN 9780716771081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Atrazine-3] Hayes, T. B.; Khoury, V.; Narayan, A.; Nazir, M.; Park, A.; Brown, T.; Adame, L.; Chan, E.; Buchholz, D.; Stueve, T.; Gallipeau, S. (2010 Mar 9). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4612–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. PMC 2842049. PMID 20194757. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[4] Hayes, TB (2011 Oct). "Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 127 (1–2): 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.015. PMID 21419222. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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