The Aurora consurgens is an illuminated manuscript of the 15th century. It contains a medieval alchemical treatise, in the past sometimes attributed to Thomas Aquinas, now to a writer called the "Pseudo-Aquinas".
Overview
editAurora consurgens is a commentary on the Latin translation of Silvery Waters by Senior Zadith (Ibn Umayl). Unusual for a work of this type, the manuscript contains thirty-seven fine miniatures in watercolour. The illustrations are allegorical representations of alchemical elements depicted in human or animal form. For example, mercury is depicted as a serpent; gold as the Sun and silver as the Moon.[1] These illustrations incorporate some of the earliest Greek alchemical symbols known, found in Zosimos’ of Panopolis Authentic Memoirs.
Pictorial descriptions
editThe visuals found in Aurora consurgens shows alchemical metaphors that relate to human and animal procreation, procedures like calcination and putrefaction and other motifs.[1] The manuscript also contains pictorial metaphors combined with glass vessels which depict the stages of the alchemical art of transformation. There are other metaphors found throughout the manuscript that are used in conjunction to create chains of metaphors. Some examples of this include cosmological and philosophical principles of the concepts like "two are one" and "nature vanquishes nature".[1] Another illustration combines the motifs of Mercury decapitating the sun and the moon with a vase filled with silver and gold flowers.[1] Another depicts two birds holding each other in a way that forms a circle which symbolizes again ‘two in one’. This exemplifies the comic principle of unity, shown metaphorically as the dragon biting its tail. The ouroboros biting its tail has been stylized into a medallion of three concentric circles with inscriptions referring to the unity of everything and two natures attracting and dominating each other. It is associated with the symbols of the sun, moon, mercury, and sulfur.[1] Another example includes the eagle and the dragon, which represent mercury as a volatile and as a solidified substance, respectively. [1] Further, the unification of the opposite principles female/male, passive/active, cold/hot, moist/dry finds expression in the coupling of the sun and the moon, a cosmological motif of central importance since it symbolizes the generation of all things [2]
Versions of aurora consurgens
edit- Zürich, Zentralbibliothek MS. Rhenoviensis 172
- Glasgow, University Library MS. Ferguson 6
- Leiden, MS. Vossiani Chemici F. 29
- Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. Parisinus Latinus 14006
- Prague, Universitni Knihovna, MS. VI. Fd. 26
- Prague, Chapitre Métropolitain, MS. 1663. O. LXXIX
- Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, MS. Germ. qu. 848
Major differences
editIn Glasgow's Sp. Coll. Ferguson MS 6 (f. 220v), a couple is depicted performing intercourse that has been hidden under a sheen and a blue bedspread. Their child is shown sleeping in a small rocking cradle along with a young servant boy standing at the foot of the bed.[3] At the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin MS Ger. Quatro. 848 (f. 30v), the related illustration has been defaced by being covered with a brown wash despite that they appear to be covered to their waists by bed clothes. Here the couple has been covered with a brown wash, even though it appears that they were also originally covered to their waists by the bed clothes. The child and young servant boy at the end of the bed were not damaged. This implies that the defacer was likely offended by the sexual nature of the scene. [3] Another illustration in the Berlin manuscript (f. 18r), in which the couple makes love on a bed in a forest surrounded by a wattle fence, has also been defaced with wash, although not to the same degree as the image of the couple in bed. (f. 30v).[3] These defacements suggest that some readers of alchemical texts were offended by visualizations of sexual analogies.[3]
The explicitness of sexual details also varies from text to text. In an illustration from the Zentralbibliothek in Zürich MS Rh. 172 (f. 11r), a menstruating woman bleeds profusely within a zodiac circle to illustrate her monthly cycle and the creation of menstruation and its use within the body.[3] In the Spruch der Philosophien, Glasgow's Sp. Coll. Ferguson MS 6 (Pl. 3), the artist concealed her genitals under her skirt and reduced the blood flow, which obscures the meaning of the menstrual cloths she is holding up.[3]
Impact
editThe representation of sexuality within these images also provides many points of comparison. The lovemaking of King and Queen in the Rosarium philosophorum series is derived from scenes in the Aurora consurgens and the Donum Dei series.[3]
Many patrons were interested in aesthetic and poetic contemplation but also in gaining the knowledge to perform alchemy. Aurora consurgens addresses all of the factors implying it is directed to aristocratic and noble patrons. Some of these patrons include the margrave of Brandenburg and Barbara of Cilli, the wife of the emperor Sigismund.
Gallery
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Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f Obrist, Barbara. "Visualization in Medieval Alchemy". International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Orbistwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g Wamberg, Jacob (2006). Art & Alchemy. Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006. p. 114. ISBN 8763502674, 9788763502672. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
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References
edit- Aquinas, St Thomas. Aurora Consurgens (1966) edited by Marie-Louise von Franz
- Wamberg, Jacob. "Art & Alchemy" (2006)
Category:15th-century books Category:Scientific illuminated manuscripts Category:Alchemical documents