Peteinosaurus

Dimorphodon; Temporal range: Early Jurassic, 197–195 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dimorphodon2DB.jpg/250px-Dimorphodon2DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500">
	Illustration of two D.macronyx
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Pterosauria
Suborder:	Rhamphorhynchoidea
Family:	Dimorphodontidae
Genus:	Dimorphodon
	D. macronyx (Buckland, 1829); D. weintraubi Clark et al., 1998

Anurognathus; Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 150 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/AnurognathusDB.jpg/240px-AnurognathusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500">
	A. ammoni
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Pterosauria
Suborder:	Rhamphorhynchoidea
Family:	Anurognathidae
Subfamily:	Anurognathinae; Nopcsa, 1928
Genus:	Anurognathus; Döderlein, 1923
	A. ammoni Döderlein, 1923 (type);

Peteinosaurus; Temporal range: Middle to Upper Norian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Peteinosaurus_zambellii.JPG/250px-Peteinosaurus_zambellii.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2705">
	Fossil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Pterosauria
Suborder:	Rhamphorhynchoidea
Family:	?Dimorphodontidae
Genus:	Peteinosaurus
Binomial name
	Peteinosaurus zambellii; Wild, 1978

Peteinosaurus is a genus of rhamphorynchoid pterosaurs^[2]. It was among the earliest known animals of his kind^[3]. Its classification isn't easy. It combines features of primitive pterosaurs, such as Rhamphorhynchus, and advanced animals like Anurognathus.

Anurognathus

Anurognathus is a genus of small pterosaurs, that lived approximately 150 million years ago. The species is based on a holotype BSP 1922.I.42^[4] from Solnhofen^[5].

Paleobiology

The strangest fact about Anurognathus is that its atil is extremely short, compared to other rhamphorhynchoids. The same anatomic detail is seen in another anurognathid - Batrachognathus^[6].

In popular culture

Anurognathus was featured in the second episode of the British documentary series Walking with Dinosaurs. It was shown having a mutual symbiotic relationship with the dinosaur Diplodocus, eating parasitic insects off its skin. Such a, purely hypothetical, symbiosis would make it similar to the modern day tick bird.

Anurognathus was later featured in the fifth episode of the ITV science fiction television series Primeval. Here, Anurognathus was erroneously portrayed as living in the Late Cretaceous period, 85 million years ago, with behavior akin to a piranha. The producers of the program portrayed Anurognathus as having an amazingly keen sense of smell, able to detect blood from hundreds of feet away. A flock was depicted stripping the flesh from a carcass in a matter of minutes, behavior at odds with anatomical evidence that shows this species to have been insectivorous akin to the modern Frogmouth. These changes were made for dramatic effect.^[7]

Dimorphodon

Dimorphodon was a genus of medium-sized pterosaur from the early Jurassic Period. It was named by paleontologist Richard Owen in 1859. Dimorphodon means "two-form tooth", referring to the fact that it had two distinct types of teeth in its jaws - which is comparatively rare among reptiles.It lived in the Early Jurassic of Europe and was among the earliest pterosaurs.

Discovery

Dimorphodon model in bipedal pose

The first Dimorphodon remains were found in famous for their fossils Lyme Regis by Mary Anning. Next the specimen wasnstudied by William Buckland, a person who named Megalosaurus, and he described during the meeting of Royal Geological Society^[8]. First Buckland thought it is a specimen of Pterodactylus, but next renamed it as "Dimorphodon"^[9]

Next, in 1858 Richard Owen found two other dimorphodon specimens, now including skulls. He concluded that a skull of Dimorphodon is much different from those of Pterodactylus and named the animal "Dimorphodon^[10].

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of Rhamphorhynchoidea by Unwin(2003)^[11].

|__Dimorphodontidae
  |______Peteinosaurus
     |________Dimorphodon
|__Caelidracones
|__Anurognathidae - Perhaps synonymous with Dimorphodontidae

Pterodactylus

Pterodactylus Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 150.8–148.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Archosauria
Suborder:	Pterosauria

Pterodactylus antiquus
Synonyms
Species synonymy Ornithocephalus antiquus Sömmering, 1812 Ornithocephalus brevirostris Sömmering, 1816 Pterodactylus longirostris Cuvier, 1809 Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloidea Ritgen, 1826 Ornithocephalus kochi Wagner, 1837 Pterodactylus mayeri Muenster, 1842 Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1850 Macrotrachelus longirostris (Cuvier, 1809) Giebel, 1852 Pterodactylus kochi (Wagner, 1837) Pterodactylus spectabilis Meyer, 1861 Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) Seeley, 1871 Ptenodracon brevirostris (Sömmering, 1816) Lydekker, 1888

Pterodactylus("flying finger") is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from Late Jurassic of Solnhofen, Germany. It was one of the first pterodactyloids^[12]. Named by Cuvier^[13].

Species of Pterodactylus

Historical diagram of a juvenile P. antiquus (formerly Ptenodracon brevirostris)

Specimen assigned to P. longicollum

P. antiquus specimen formerly classified as P. longirostris

Holotype fossil of the dubious species P. grandipelvis

Specimen formerly assigned to P. spectabilis

Name	Author	Year	Status	Notes
Pterodactylus antiquus	(von Sömmerring) Rafinesque	(1812) 1815	Valid, type species	Originally Ptéro-dactyle, Cuvier 1809
Ornithocephalus antiquus	von Sömmerring	1812	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Objective junior synonym of P. antiquus
Ornithocephalus brevirostris	von Sömmerring	1816-17	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Based on a juvenile specimen
Ptenodracon brevirostris	(von Sömmerring) Lydekker	(1816-17) 1888	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Reclassified from Pterodactylus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen
Pterodactylus brevirostris	(von Sömmerring) Oken	(1816-17) 1819	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Name correction from Ornithocephalus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen
Pterodactylus longirostris	Cuvier	1819	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	-
Macrotrachelus longirostris	(Cuvier) Giebel	(1819) 1852	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Reclassified from Pterodactylus longirostris
Ornithocephalus longirostris	(Cuvier) Ritgen	(1819) 1826	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus longirostris
Pterodactylus "suevicus"	Oken	1825	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Nomen nudum
Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides	Ritgen	1826	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus spectabilis	von Meyer	1861	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus grandis	Cuvier	1824	Nomen dubium, possible synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus longicollum	von Meyer	1854	Valid, may belong to a separate genus
Pterodactylus micronyx	von Meyer	1852	Possible synonym of Gnathosaurus subulatus
Pterodactylus nettecephaloides	Ritgen	1826	Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Ornithocephalus redenbacheri	Wagner	1851	Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Pterodactylus redenbacheri	(Wagner) Wagner	(1851) 1861	Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx	Name correction from Ornithocephalus redenbacheri
Pterodactylus pulchellus	von Meyer	1861	Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Pterodactylus kochi	(Wagner)	(1837)	Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus	Name correction from Ornithocephalus kochi
Ornithocephalus kochi	Wagner	1837	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Diopecephalus kochi	(Wagner) Seeley	(1837) 1871	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi	Reclassification of Pterodactylus kochi
Pterodactylus meyeri	Muenster	1842	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Ornithocephalus meyeri	(Muenster) Wagner	(1842) 1851	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi	Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus meyeri
Pterodactylus scolopaciceps	von Meyer	1850	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Rhamphorhynchus scolopaciceps	(von Meyer)	(1850)	Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi	Reclassification of Pterodactylus scolopaciceps
Pterodactylus cerinensis	von Meyer	1860	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus grandipelvis	von Meyer	1860	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus manseli	Owen	1874	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus pleydelli	Owen	1874	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus suprajurensis	Sauvage	1873	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus arningi	Reck	1931	Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus maximus	Reck	1931	Nomen dubium

References

^ ^a ^b Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. Pg. 67. ISBN 0861015665. Cite error: The named reference "triptersum" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Haines, T., and P. Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006. Pg. 72.
^ Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs
^ Döderlein, L. (1923). "Anurognathus Ammoni, ein neuer Flugsaurier". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1923, 306-307.
^ Bennett, S. C. (2007). "A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni", Paläontologische Zeitschrift,
^ "Anurognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 292-295.
^ Milne, Mike. "Primeval sees Framestore CFC's Creatures Leap into the 21st Century".
^ Buckland, W. (1829). Proceedings of the Geological Society London, 1: 127
^ Transactions of the Geological Society, London. Ser. 2 (vol. 3), 217-222, and plate 27. Pterodactylus macronyx was later re-named Dimorphodon macronyx.W. Buckland
^ Osteology and functional morphology of Dimorphodon macronyx (Buckland)(Pterosauria: Rhamphorhynchoidea) based on new material in the Yale, K. Padian
^ Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.
^ Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs
^ Cuvier, G. (1812). Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. I ed. p. 24, tab. 31

[triptersum-1] Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. Pg. 67. ISBN 0861015665. Cite error: The named reference "triptersum" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[2] Haines, T., and P. Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006. Pg. 72.

[3] Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs

[4] Döderlein, L. (1923). "Anurognathus Ammoni, ein neuer Flugsaurier". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1923, 306-307.

[5] Bennett, S. C. (2007). "A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni", Paläontologische Zeitschrift,

[6] "Anurognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 292-295.

[Framestore-7] Milne, Mike. "Primeval sees Framestore CFC's Creatures Leap into the 21st Century".

[8] Buckland, W. (1829). Proceedings of the Geological Society London, 1: 127

[9] Transactions of the Geological Society, London. Ser. 2 (vol. 3), 217-222, and plate 27. Pterodactylus macronyx was later re-named Dimorphodon macronyx.W. Buckland

[10] Osteology and functional morphology of Dimorphodon macronyx (Buckland)(Pterosauria: Rhamphorhynchoidea) based on new material in the Yale, K. Padian

[11] Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.

[12] Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs

[13] Cuvier, G. (1812). Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. I ed. p. 24, tab. 31

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