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The crust of the Earth is made up of different plates, moving around about 10cm a year. If the molten rock finds its way into the upper crust, through the gaps in between the plates, it becomes a volcano. An eruption is caused by the pressure of dissolved gas building up in the magma. When the pressure of the dissolved gas becomes more than the surface can take, the volcano erupts. Large rocks thrown out during the eruption, like bomb rocks, set fire to anything they touch.
A hot avalanche of rock and ash, called pyroclastic flow swallows everything in its way. Ash and toxic gases, including sulphur dioxide, create an explosion cloud, which pollutes the atmosphere over a large area and can make it rain with acids. Lava (or molten rock) flows slowly, but is very destructive, destroying anything in its way and chances of escape. Mud flows can be silent and silent, engulfing homes many kilometres away from the volcano. A Stratovolcano is formed by layers of lava from constant flow of eruptions. Other types of volcano also exist. Caldera volcanoes are formed when the dome of a Stratovolcano collapses, leaving a wide circular vent. Shield volcanoes are formed by eruptions of runny lava which flows fast and doesn’t build up in a sort of cone shape. Most of the 550 active volcanoes are along the Earth’s plates.
More than half of the volcanoes go around the Pacific Ocean in the ‘Ring of Fire’.