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ISBN

[[Special:BookSources/%7F%27%22%60UNIQ--templatestyles-00000002-QINU%60%22%27%7F%5B%5BISBN+%28identifier%29%7CISBN%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5BSpecial%3ABookSources%2F978-1-4133-0454-1+%7C978-1-4133-0454-1%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BSpecial%3ABookSources%2F978-1-4133-0454-1+%7C978-1-4133-0454-1%5D%5D+and+%5B%5BSpecial%3ABookSources%2F978-1-4133-0454-1+%7C978-1-4133-0454-1%5D%5D |ISBN 978-1-4133-0454-1, 978-1-4133-0454-1 and 978-1-4133-0454-1]]

This sandbox page will be utilized by the user Js49216 to explore the facets of Wikipedia editing.

English 390

Article Selections

1. Article
2. Talk Page

Linguistics 101

Article Evaluation - Acoustic Phonetics

1. Article
2. Talk Page

English 474

Article Selections

A great majority of these sections were derived from Wikipedia’s category of Linguistic Stubs (Category:Linguistics_stubs).

1. Bound and unbound morphemes
   1. The Bound and Unbound morpheme page lacks required verification and reliable citations of sources and is currently tagged as requiring such. Work would be done in pulling reliable sources, citations, and data to further flesh out this article.

1. Symbolic Linguistic Representation(Personal Choice)
   1. For such an encompassing topic as symbolic representation the current Wikipedia page is very sparse. This topic labeled as stub page to the categories of phonetics, linguistic morphology, and syntax; additionally, the article does not cite any sources whatsoever. Work would be done in pulling reliable sources, citations, and data to further flesh out this article.

1. Northern Cities Vowel Shift
   1. Apart from sources and citations requiring some finalization the history of the NCS is completely void of content.

1. IPA Vowel Chart with Audio
   1. While not necessarily requiring extrapolation of information, due to its intended purpose of supplying an interactive chart of the IPA, the interactions within the chart could use some technical adjustments:
      1. The audio samplings are not leveled in volume (Volume varies greatly from sample to sample)
      2. Samples only provide one allophonic utterance as context (in contrast to yorku.ca’s chart which provides two samples of the same utterance to provide more allophonic context)
      3. The Schwa is not provided with an audio sample

Polished Draft - Unbound Bound Morpheme

Assignment Preface

Due to Wikipedia guidelines I am unable to merely copy and paste the assigned article to this sandbox; however, below are selected sections which were worked on. Please note that current header values are not correct in order for proper section flow within the User Sandbox contents (E.G. Header 3 values would be Header 1 values (Section Headers) within the mainspace article.)

Begin Unbound Bound Morpheme Article

In morphology, morphemes are categorized into unbound (free) and bound forms. Unbound morphemes can occur as single words or can appear with other lexemes, while bound morphemes cannot and mainly take the role of affixes (prefixes and suffixes).

Cranberry Morpheme

A Cranberry Morpheme is a specially categorized bound morpheme that contains no designated grammatical function or symantical meaning yet differentiates one word from another. like in cranberry, in which the free morpheme berry is preceded by the bound morpheme cran-, which does not have an independent meaning.

Roots

Whether it is a singular unbound morpheme producing a monomorphemic word or a combination of bound and unbound morphemes producing a polymorphemic word therein lies a meaningful center, known as a base or root, to which additional morphemes may connect. These roots normally carry lexical meaning; however, while many roots are free morphemes (ship- in "shipment") other roots can be classified as bound morphemes (e.g. -ject in reject). Words like chairman that contain two free morphemes (chair and man) are referred to as compound words. Within English the rightmost element of the compound word is known as the head and the leftmost the modifier.

Affixes

Affixes are a form morpheme that attach to another morpheme acting as a root. In this context an affix may also be referred as a stem. This process of attaching an affix (stem) to a base or root word is known as affixation. While always bound in English, some languages, such as Arabic, have forms that sometimes affix to words and sometimes stand alone. English language affixes are almost exclusively prefixes or suffixes: pre- in "prefix" and -ment in "shipment". Affixes may be further categorized into inflectional and derivational types. Inflectional affixes indicate how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase while derivational changes either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word both which can be referred to as the grammatical class.

Word Formation

Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English permit, ultimately from Latin per "through" + mittō "I send", where per- and -mit are bound morphemes in English. However, they are often instead analyzed synchronically as simply a single morpheme.

A similar example is given in Chinese; most of its morphemes are monosyllabic and identified with a Chinese character because of the largely morphosyllabic script, but disyllabic words exist that cannot be analyzed into independent morphemes, such as 蝴蝶 húdié 'butterfly'. Then, the individual syllables and corresponding characters are used only in that word, and while they can be interpreted as bound morphemes 蝴 hú- and 蝶 -dié, it is more commonly considered a single disyllabic morpheme. See polysyllabic Chinese morphemes for further discussion.

Linguists usually distinguish between productive and unproductive forms when speaking about morphemes. For example, the morpheme ten- in tenant was originally derived from the Latin word tenere, "to hold", and the same basic meaning is seen in such words as "tenable" and "intention." But as ten- is not used in English to form new words, most linguists would not consider it to be a morpheme at all.

Morphological Language Classification

Within the field of Linguistic Typology languages can be categorized by how unbound and bound morphemes are utilized within. A language with a very low ratio of bound morphemes to unbound morphemes is classified as an isolating language. Isolating languages do not usually combine morphemes at all except to form compounds. Analytic languages are similar to isolating languages in their lack of bound morpheme use; however, unlike isolating languages, analytic languages have a higher utilization rate of derivational morphemes over inflectional. In contrast, synthetic languages use a substantial number of intricate root morphemes with one more more affixes to express grammatical relationships.