The Last Exorcism
Directed byDaniel Stamm
Written byHuck Botko
Andrew Gurland
Produced byEric Newman
Eli Roth
Marc Abraham
Thomas A. Bliss
StarringPatrick Fabian
Ashley Bell
CinematographyZoltan Honti
Edited byShilpa Sahi
Music byNathan Barr
Production
companies
Distributed byLionsgate
Release dates
  • June 24, 2010 (2010-06-24) (Los Angeles Film Festival)
  • August 27, 2010 (2010-08-27)
Running time
87 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1.8 million[2][3]
Box office$67.7 million[3]

The Last Exorcism is a 2010 American found footage supernatural horror film directed by Daniel Stamm. It stars Patrick Fabian, Ashley Bell, Iris Bahr, and Louis Herthum.[4]

After years of performing exorcisms, a disillusioned evangelical minister decides to participate in a documentary chronicling his last exorcism while exposing the fraud of his ministry. After receiving a letter from a farmer asking for help in driving out the devil, he meets the farmer's afflicted daughter.[5][6] The film received positive reviews from critics and was a box office success, grossing more than $67 million against a $1.8 million budget.

A sequel, The Last Exorcism Part II, was released on March 1, 2013.

Plot

edit

Filmmakers Iris and Daniel chronicle what is meant to be the final "exorcism" conducted by Cotton Marcus, a reverend living in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Marcus, having first lost his faith in the wake of the birth of his ill son, demonstrates cynicism towards the practice of exorcisms early during principle photography, conceding a disbelief for the supernatural, and pronounces purification rituals as nothing more than elaborate hoaxes employed to manipulate and gull the faithful. Hoping to reconcile his regret for performing faux services in demand throughout his past, Marcus coordinates with the film crew to systematically delegitimize exorcisms, by exposing the chicanery and common methods involved in staging such exhibitions, in a documentary format and on-site. He receives a request from farmer Louis Sweetzer, a devout Christian fundamentalist, who claims his livestock are being slaughtered by his daughter Nell. Believing this to be the work of evil, Louis implores Marcus to exorcise any demon currently possessing the 16-year-old homeschooled girl, and Marcus, considering this to be a convenient opportunity to reify the planned documentary, arbitrarily accepts the commission and travels to (the fictionalized) rural Ivanwood, LA nearby, with the documentary crew in concomitance.

After initially receiving an antipathetic welcome from Louis' son Caleb and navigating concerns over filming at the house, Marcus administers fake but believed tests and (on purpose) erroneously concludes that Nell is possessed by a powerful demon known as Abalam. In a dramatic performance, he binds Nell, recites incantations, and comports several other deceptive tricks of the trade on film, ultimately persuading the family that he has expelled the demon. Daniel, Iris, and Marcus leave, believing he has cured her of a psychosis state that was misdiagnosed as possession. That night, however, Nell suddenly and surprisingly appears in Marcus' motel room, visibly unwell. In response, Marcus takes Nell to the hospital for diagnostic tests, which conclude that she is in normal physical condition. Increasingly concerned that something strange is taking place, Marcus meets with Louis' former pastor, Joseph Manley, who informs Marcus that he has not seen Nell for three years. In the morning, Louis takes Nell home but is forced to chain her to the bed when she displays aggression in cutting Caleb's face with a knife.

Marcus eventually frees Nell from her restraints, but finds her trying to drown a doll while seemingly sleepwalking. Everyone learns Nell is pregnant, and later that night, Nell steals their camera and goes into her father's barn, where she brutally smashes a cat to death. Further, Iris and Daniel discover her morbid paintings; in addition to the death of the cat, they depict Marcus standing before a large flame with a crucifix, Iris dismembered, and Daniel decapitated. When Marcus confronts Louis about Nell's pregnancy, Louis insists that Nell is a virgin, and that the logical explanation must be that she has been impregnated by the demon. Offended at Marcus' insistence that a demon is not involved, Louis demands that the crew leave, suspiciously hinting to the possibility of killing Nell.

The crew tries to extradite Nell, who attacks Marcus during the escape. Louis threatens to shoot her, but Marcus intervenes, offering to attempt a second exorcism in order to dissuade him from committing filicide.

During the exorcism, "Abalam" acts erratically and contorts Nell's body in unnatural ways, agreeing to release Nell only if Marcus can remain silent for ten seconds. Each second, Nell breaks one of her own fingers. After three, Marcus yells for "Abalam" to stop; "Abalam" taunts Marcus' blunder, and deviously offers to provide the pastor a "blowing job". Marcus challenges that a demon would know the actual name of the sex act and concludes that Nell is not possessed, but rather a disturbed and ashamed girl. Nell reverts to her normal self, anguishing over losing her virginity to a boy named Logan. Louis remains unconvinced or in denial, but this second exorcism provides at least temporary resolution.

On their way out of the town, Marcus and the crew happen to meet Logan, who explains that he is gay. The only contact he has had with Nell was a brief conversation at Manley's house six months ago, thus contradicting several prior testimonies; the crew judges Logan to be an impartial and reliable source, and realizes that Manley lied about Nell's three year absence, deducing that Nell also lied about the source of her pregnancy. In a crucial turning point, Marcus turns the car around and out of concern and curiosity they return to the Sweetzer farmhouse, which they find now empty and covered with numerous occult and countercultural symbols on the walls.

The group follows the sound of voices into the woods, where they see a large fire and a congregation of hooded cultists led by Manley. Louis is tied up, gagged and blindfolded while hooded figures pray around an altar, atop which Nell is bound. She gives birth to an inhuman child. Manley throws the child into the fire, which causes the fire to grow rapidly as demonic roars emanate. Marcus, summoning courage and with his faith restored, clasps his cross and rushes forward to combat the evil. Iris and Daniel, in juxtaposition, flee in fear. Iris is subdued by members of the congregation and slain with an axe, while Daniel continues to run until Caleb decapitates him, the camera falling to the ground, thus completing the premonitions of Nell's drawing.

Cast

edit

Release

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The film was originally slated to premier at South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2010.[19] However, on February 12, 2010, Lionsgate purchased the rights to its US Distribution[20], withdrawing the film from SXSW fest and setting a general release date to August 27, 2010.[21]

The film had its world premiere at the LA Film Festival on June 24, 2010[22] and was here introduced by Eli Roth and Daniel Stamm. Members of the cast were also introduced on stage, Patrick Fabian, Ashley Bell, Louis Herthum, Caleb Landry Jones, Iris Bahr, and Tony Bentley.[23] The Last Exorcism was the last screened film on August 30, 2010, on the Film4 FrightFest 2010.[24]

Bloody Disgusting hosted the screening of the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International[25] and the second screening on 24 July 2010 is narrated by Eli Roth.[26]

Poster controversy

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In the UK, a poster image for the film showed a young girl, wearing a blood-spattered dress, bent over backwards below a crucifix. This poster received 77 complaints, the complainants describing it as "offensive", "distressing", and "unsuitable for public viewing". Two people also claimed the girl in the poster seemed to have suffered a sexual assault, a complaint which was not upheld. The Advertising Standards Agency decided that the image could not be used on a publicly visible poster since that was an untargeted medium but was acceptable on the back cover of Cineworld magazine.[27][28]

Viral campaign

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The Last Exorcism used Chatroulette as the medium of its viral campaign involving a girl who pretends to unbutton her top seductively, then stops and turns into a monster. At the end, the URL of the film's official website is flashed on screen.[29][30]

Home media

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The Last Exorcism was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 4, 2011. The Blu-ray includes the DVD of the film and a digital copy as well.[31]

Reception

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Critical reception

edit

The Last Exorcism has received generally positive reviews from critics, garnering a 72% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 162 reviews and an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus summarizes that "[The Last Exorcism] doesn't fully deliver on the chilly promise of its Blair Witch-style premise, but [it does] offer a surprising number of clever thrills."[32] The film received a 63 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews",[33] and at Yahoo! Movies the film holds a B- based on 12 reviews.[34]

Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film was "An unusually restrained and genuinely eerie little movie perched at the intersection of faith, folklore and female puberty." [35] On the other hand, Joe Neumaier of New York Daily News gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Some of Bell's contortionist tricks aren't nearly as frightening as the best moments in Paranormal Activity. Or, really, some of the better episodes of Scooby-Doo."[citation needed]

Box office

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The Last Exorcism opened at #2 at the U.S. box office the weekend of August 27, 2010, behind Takers. It grossed $20,366,613 from 2,874 theaters in its first three days.[36] The Last Exorcism had a budget of $1.8 million. The film remained in the top five, falling to number four in its second weekend. The film went on to gross $41 million domestically and $26.7 million foreign to total $67.7 million worldwide.

Awards and nominations

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Year Award Category Recipient Result
2011 People's Choice Award Favorite Horror Movie style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2 notheme"|Nominated
Independent Spirit Award Best First Feature style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2 notheme"|Nominated
Independent Spirit Award Best Supporting Female style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2 notheme"|Nominated
MTV Movie Award Best Scared-As-Shit Performance Ashley Bell| style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2 notheme"|Nominated
Empire Awards Best Horror|data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —| style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|Won

Sequel

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On August 23, 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that a sequel was in the works.[37] On April 20, 2012, an audition sheet revealed the film's full title as Beginning of the End: The Last Exorcism II.[38] The film was directed by Ed Gass-Donnelly,[37] with Damien Chazelle (Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench) providing the screenplay.[39] Ashley Bell reprises her role as Nell.[37] On January 2, 2013, the poster for the film was released, revealing the final title to be The Last Exorcism Part II.[40] The film was also produced by Eli Roth.

References

edit
  1. ^ "The Last Exorcism << British Board of Film Classification". British Board of Film Classification. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  2. ^ Fritz, Ben (August 26, 2010). "Movie projector: 'Avatar' re-release a wild card as 'Takers' and 'Last Exorcism' debut". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  3. ^ a b The Last Exorcism (2010). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
  4. ^ "Lionsgate Plans 'The Last Exorcism' for August". Bloody-disgusting.com. 17 March 2010.
  5. ^ Lionsgate's 'The Last Exorcism' to Premiere at the LA Film Festival. DreadCentral.com. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  6. ^ Bloody Girl is Having a Bad Day in the Eli Roth Produced ‘Cotton’. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  7. ^ "Horror Movies: Reviews, Trailers, News - Shock Till You Drop". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  8. ^ "AFM '09: First Ever Images From Eli Roth's 'Cotton'!! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 8 November 2009.
  9. ^ "Hi-Res Look at Creepy Possessed Girl in Eli Roth's 'Cotton'! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 10 November 2009.
  10. ^ "First Look: First Photo from Eli Roth's Exorcism Film Cotton".
  11. ^ "New Vamps Trailer and One-Sheet Lack Bite - Dread Central". Dreadcentral.com. 22 September 2012.
  12. ^ "Back-breaking One Sheet Debut For 'The Last Exorcism'! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 13 May 2010.
  13. ^ "Two New Images: The Last Exorcism - Dread Central". Dreadcentral.com. 19 May 2010.
  14. ^ "New Stitches Stills and UK Trailer - Dread Central". Dreadcentral.com. 5 October 2012.
  15. ^ "The Devil Finds New Host in 'The Last Exorcism' Trailer Debut! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 26 May 2010.
  16. ^ "Viral Marketing Campaign Begins For 'The Last Exorcism' - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 22 June 2010.
  17. ^ "'Cotton' to Be Shown to Sundance, Full Casting Released - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 6 October 2009.
  18. ^ "Snow White and the Huntsman (Blu-ray / DVD) - Dread Central". Dreadcentral.com. 17 September 2012.
  19. ^ "Possession at Full Mass in New Hi-Res 'Last Exorcism' Images - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 18 May 2010.
  20. ^ "Lionsgate Acquires US Rights for The Last Exorcism". 14 February 2010.
  21. ^ "New Lovely Molly Commentary Clip and a Look at the Lenticular Packaging - Dread Central". Dreadcentral.com. 16 August 2012.
  22. ^ "LA Film Festival Premieres 'The Last Exorcism', Other Genre Fare - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 6 May 2010.
  23. ^ "BC Catches Up With 'Producer' Eli Roth at the 'Last Exorcism' Premiere - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 26 June 2010.
  24. ^ "'Hatchet II' Opens, 'Last Exorcism' Closes Film 4 FrightFest Film Festival! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 11 June 2010.
  25. ^ "SDCC '10: Bloody Disgusting Hosts Special San Diego Comic-Con Screening of 'The Last Exorcism'! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 17 July 2010.
  26. ^ "SDCC '10: BD Hosts Special Comic-Con Screening of 'The Last Exorcism'! -- SECOND SCREENING ADDED! - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody-disgusting.com. 21 July 2010.
  27. ^ The Last Exorcism poster banned Archived 2010-11-06 at the Wayback Machine. Movies.UK.MSN.com. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-13. Retrieved 2012-03-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ Michael Sullivan, 'Last Exorcism' jumps on Chatroulette – Variety, 19 aug. 2010
  30. ^ Adam Rosenberg, The Last Exorcism' Chatroulette Prank Gets The Word Out (NSFW), mtv.com, 27 aug. 2010
  31. ^ "The Last Exorcism Blu-ray Announced". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  32. ^ The Last Exorcism Movie Reviews, Pictures. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 15, 2020
  33. ^ The Last Exorcism Reviews, Ratings, Credits. Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  34. ^ The Last Exorcism (2010). Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  35. ^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (August 26, 2010). "Loosening the Devil's Grip in Louisiana". nytimes.com. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  36. ^ Weekend Box Office Results for August 27–29, 2010. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  37. ^ a b c "The Last Exorcism Sequel Has a Director". 22 January 2012.
  38. ^ "Last Exorcism II full title revealed". KnowTheArtist.com. 2012-04-20. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
  39. ^ "The Last Exorcism Sequel Planned". ComingSoon.net. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  40. ^ "Poster for The Last Exorcism Part II Revealed".
edit

* {{Allmovie title}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes}} * {{Mojo title}}


Bacteria

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Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. The United Kingdom, in 2000, reported statistics of food-borne illness cases, providing some insight into the prevalence of individual bacteria species commonly involved:

In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus, and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. As a result, symptoms associated with intoxication are usually not seen until 12–72 hours or more after consuming contaminated food. However, in some cases, such as Staphylococcal food poisoning, the onset of illness can be as soon as 30 minutes after ingesting contaminated food.[2]

The most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are:

Campylobacter jejuni Milk;[3]

Animal reservoirs;[3]

Fecal contamination

(developing world)

Primarily:

Also:

Developing world:

  • untreated water[4]
Bacterial enteritis Improper pasteurization;[3]

Improper cooking;[3]

Cross-contamination[3]

Onset: 2-5 days[5]

Very common:

  • abdominal pain;
  • cramps;[5]
  • diarrhea;[5]
  • fever[5]

Common:

Self-resolves in 7 days[5]

Guillain–Barré syndrome;[6][7]

periodontitis;[6]

IBS;[5]

arthritis;[5]

temporary paralysis[5]

Some infections

require antibiotic treatment[4]

Growth conditions:
  • Grows at temps > 86° F.[3]

Perishes in food at low ambient temps.[3]

Survives (weeks) in milk/water @ 39° F.[3]

Sensitive to drying/freezing.[3]

Industrial:
  • Hygienic slaughter;[3]
  • Hygienic meat processing;[3]
  • Proper temp storage[3]

Culinary services:

  • Thorough cooking;[8]
  • Raw food segregation;[8]

Personal:

  • Frequent handwashing[8]
  • Prep area sanitization[8]
  • Drink pasteurized milk;[8]
  • Avoid untreated water;[8]
Salmonella spp.

[9][10][11]

Human feces;[3]

Animal feces[3]

High-protein foods:

Also:

Salmonellosis Contamination of ready-to-eat food;[3]

Insufficient cooking;[3]

Recontamination[3]

Onset: 0.25-6 days[12]

Very common:

Self-resolves in 4-7 days[12]

reactive arthritis[12]

Some serotypes can cause urine, blood, bone, or spinal fluid infection[12]

Antibiotics are used to treat:[12]

  • the elderly
  • infants
  • immuno-compromised individuals
Growth conditions:
  • Grows at temps > 40° F.[3]

Perishes @ cooking temps.[3]

Culinary / Personal:
  • Frequent handwashing;[13]
  • Prep area sanitization;[13]
  • Raw food segregation;[13]
  • Thorough cooking;[13]
  • Refrigerate/freeze perishable leftovers within 2 hrs;[13]
Escherichia coli O157:H7

enterotoxigenic (ETEC),[14]

Shiga toxin producing

(STEC),[15]

the "traveler's diarrhea"[14][3]

Human feces (primarily);[3]

Animal feces (possibly)[15][3]

Primarily:[16]
  • raw milk;[15]
  • cheese (raw milk)[15]
  • ground beef (undercooked);[15]
  • raw leaf vegetables[15]

Also:

  • yogurt (raw milk)[15]
  • cured meats (undercooked)[15]
  • raw sprouts[15]
  • raw juices[15]

Rare:

Developing world:

Bacterial enteritis

Produces the Shiga toxin

Inadequate cooking;[3]

Recontamination[3]

Onset: 3-4 days[17][15]

Very common:

Common:

Uncommon:

Self-resolves in

5-10 days[17][15]

hemolytic-uremic syndrome[15]

(esp. among vulnerable

populations, such as

children, elderly, and

immunologically-

compromised individuals)

Antibiotics are not used for treatment:[15]

  • may increase risk of HUS
Growth conditions:
  • Can grow @ refrigeration temps.[3]
  • 45° F < Optimal range < 122° F[15]
  • Optimal temp = 99° F[15]
  • Acidic foods down to 4.4 pH[15]
  • Food with aw ≥ 0.95[15]

Annihilated @ 160° F cooking temps.[15][3]

Industrial (meat & dairy):
  • Pre-slaughter screening;[15]
  • Hygienic slaughter;[15]
  • Hygienic food handling practices;[15]
  • Worker education;[15]
  • Pasteurization;[15]

Farming (vegetables):

  • Protect fields from animal feces;[15]
  • Use treated manure;[15]
  • Regularly evaluate irrigation systems;[15]
  • Maintain sanitary harvesting equipment;[15]

Culinary / Personal:

  • Frequent handwashing[15]
  • Prep area sanitization[15]
  • Raw food segregation;[15]
  • Thorough cooking;[15]
  • Drink pasteurized milk;[15]
  • Avoid untreated water;[15]
Clostridium perfringens

the "cafeteria germ"[18][19]

Dust and soil;[3]

Animal gastro tracts;[20][3]

Human gastro tracts[20][3]

Meats and poultry;[20]

Sauces and gravy.[20]

Bacterial enteritis

Produces spores

Produces a toxin in the intestines[20]

Improper temp control;[20][3]

Recontamination[3]

Onset: 12-24 hrs[20][3]

Very Common:

Uncommon:

Self-resolves

within 24 hrs[20]

dehydration in severe cases[20]

some extended cases

(1-2 weeks) amongst the elderly[20]

Antibiotics are not recommended for treatment[20]

Growth conditions:
  • Grows at temps > 40° F.[3]
  • 109° F < Grows rapidly < 117° F[20]
  • resilient to high temperatures up to 140° F[20]

Perishes @ cooking temps.[3]

Heat-stable spores can survive cooking.[3]

Infection requires live cells to be ingested.[3]

Culinary / Personal:
  • Immediately serve hot foods;[20][3]
  • Maintain temps ≥ 140° F until served;[20]
  • Divide poultry, soups, etc. into small portions when refrigerating;[20][3]
  • Properly reheat cooled meats to 165° F;[20][3]
  • toss leftovers when in doubt.[20]


  1. ^ "Reducing the risk from E. coli 0157 – controlling cross-contamination". Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom. February 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ^ "Staphylococcal Food Poisoning". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az "Bacterial Food Poisoning | Food Technology & Processing". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Campylobacter (Campylobacteriosis) | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Symptoms | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  6. ^ a b Humphrey T, O'Brien S, Madsen M (July 2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 117 (3): 237–57. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006. PMID 17368847.
  7. ^ "Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Prevention | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  9. ^ Tribe IG, Cowell D, Cameron P, Cameron S (2002). "An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 135 infection linked to the consumption of raw shell eggs in an aged care facility". Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report. 26 (1): 38–9. PMID 11950200. Archived from the original on February 17, 2014.
  10. ^ "Salmonella Infection (salmonellosis) and Animals". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  11. ^ Doyle MP, Erickson MC (June 2006). "Reducing the carriage of foodborne pathogens in livestock and poultry". Poultry Science. 85 (6): 960–73. doi:10.1093/ps/85.6.960. PMID 16776463.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Questions and Answers | Salmonella | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Prevention | General Information | Salmonella | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  14. ^ a b "Diarrheagenic E. coli | E. coli | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "E. coli". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  16. ^ "Reports of Selected E. coli Outbreak Investigations | E. coli | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Symptoms | E. coli | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  18. ^ "Foodborne Illness: What Consumers Need to Know". USDA.gov. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  19. ^ Kiu R, Caim S, Painset A, Pickard D, Swift C, Dougan G, et al. (October 2019). "Clostridium perfringens in England and Wales over a 7-year period indicates distribution of clonal toxigenic strains in multiple outbreaks and extensive involvement of enterotoxin-encoding (CPE) plasmids". Microbial Genomics. 5 (10): e000297. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000297. PMC 6861862. PMID 31553300.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v CDC (2018-10-02). "Clostridium Perfringens Food Poisoning". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2020-10-31.