| Public toilets in Angola | |
|---|---|
 Public WC in Algeria | |
| Language of toilets | |
| Local words | WC |
| Men's toilets | Men |
| Women's toilets | Women |
| Public toilet statistics | |
| Toilets per 100,000 people | ??? (2021) |
| Total toilets | ?? |
| Public toilet use | |
| Type | ?? |
| Locations | ??? |
| Average cost | ??? |
| Often equipped with | ??? |
| Percent accessible | ??? |
| Date first modern public toilets | ??? |
| . | |
Public toilets in Angola faced issues with a lack of sewage capacity to build flush toilets. Some markets have public toilets. Problems with government payment have resulted in some public toilets closing.
Public toilets
editIn majority white ruled parts of the country in the late 1970s, public toilets were often available and well maintained as a means of reinforcing racial segregation. These facilities were also something demanded by local white expatriates. This contrasted with public toilet services for other people, which were largely non-existent.[1]
The average daily water usage per person between 1998-2002 was less than 50 liters a day. This limited the ability to use flush toilet systems in public toilets.[2]
An informal Congolese market was located near Catete Road in Luanda starting around 2001. It had some issues, including a lack of public toilets and stagnant water as a result of flooding causing potential health problems. In early 2008, a formal Congolese market opened in Luanda near Catete Road. The market had public toilets.[3] At other Congolenses in Angola, there were often public toilets in them or located nearby. These toilets often charged people to use them.[3]
Many public toilets in Luanda were broken in the late 2010s. This resulted in their closure. A private company, Gente Agente, had been contracted to run many of them, charging a small fee and getting funding from the Province of Luanda. After the government missed some of their payments in 2018, Gente Agente abandoned them as they were dependent on the government funding to make them profitable. [4]
Sanitation and open defecation
editAccess to adequate sanitation is a problem. Progress began to be made in general waste management in the 1990s.[5]
In the early 2000s, 87% of the country's population lacked adequate sanitation.[6] This number had improved some by 2012.[6] cholera caused around 400 deaths a month in the first half of 2006. This was one of the worst in sub-Saharan Africa and linked to poor sanitation.[2] Open defecation and urination was common in Luanda in the 2010s as a result of the lack of functional public toilets.[4]
Regional and global situation impacting public toilets in Angola
editAround 2.5 billion people around the world in 2018 did not have access to adequate toilet facilities. Around 4.5 billion people lacked access to proper sanitation.[7] Public toilet access around the world is most acute in the Global South, with around 3.6 billion people, 40% of the world's total population, lacking access to any toilet facilities. 2.3 people in the the Global South do not have toilet facilities in their residence. Despite the fact that the United Nation made a declaration in 2010 that clean water and sanitation is a human right, little has been done in many places towards addressing this on a wider level.[8]
Public toilets, depending on their design, can be tools of social exclusion.[9] The lack of single-sex women's toilets in developing countries makes it harder for women to participate in public life, in education and in the workplace.[9] Across Africa, open defecation had social consequences. These included loss of dignity and privacy. It also put women at risk of sexual violence.[10]
An issue in developing countries is toilet access in schools. Only 46% of schools in developing countries have them.[11] Many schools around the world in 2018 did not have toilets, with the problem particularly acute in parts of Africa and Asia. Only one in five primary schools on earth had a toilet and only one in eight secondary schools had public toilets.[7] In developing countries, girls are less likely to attend school once they hit puberty if their school does not have adequate hygiene facilities.[12] 344 million children in sub-Saharan Africa did not have a toilet in their home in 2018. The lack of toilet access put these children at risk of water borne diseases.[7]
There are generally two toilet styles in public bathrooms in Africa. One is a traditional squat toilet. The other is a western style toilet with bowl and a place to sit.[13][14] Flush toilets are often only found in affluent areas of developing countries.[2]
References
edit- ^ Affairs, United States Department of State Bureau of African (1979). AF Press Clips.
- ^ a b c Drewko, Aleksandra (September 2007). Resource-Oriented Public Toilets in Oriented Public Toilets in Developing Countries: Ideas, Design, Operation and Maintenance for Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Hamburg: Hamburg University of Technology.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Martin, Mendelsohn, (2015). Space, place and belonging: informal trading in and around Congolenses market, Luanda, Angola. University of Cape Town. OCLC 944102648.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "GOVERNO PROVINCIAL CULPA A CRISE PELO DESAPARECIMENTO DOS URINÓIS". Radio Angola. 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ^ Fobil, JN; Hogarh, JN (2009-09-04). "The dilemmas of plastic wastes in a developing economy: Proposals for a sustainable management approach for Ghana". West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 10 (1). doi:10.4314/wajae.v10i1.45716. ISSN 0855-4307.
- ^ a b Satterthwaite, David; Mitlin, Diana; Bartlett, Sheridan (April 2015). "Is it possible to reach low-income urban dwellers with good-quality sanitation?". Environment and Urbanization. 27 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/0956247815576286. ISSN 0956-2478.
- ^ a b c Associated Press (19 November 2018). "World Toilet Day Highlights Global Sanitation Crisis". VOA. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ Glassman, Stephanie; Firestone, Julia (May 2022). "Restroom Deserts: Where to go when you need to go" (PDF). AARP.
- ^ a b Das, Maitreyi Bordia (19 November 2017). "The tyranny of toilets". World Bank. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ Reuters (2016-11-18). "Pakistan among 10 worst countries for access to toilets". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Fleischner, Nicki (21 November 2015). "Toilets by the numbers". Global Citizen. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ Drewko, Aleksandra (September 2007). Resource-Oriented Public Toilets in Oriented Public Toilets in Developing Countries: Ideas, Design, Operation and Maintenance for Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Hamburg: Hamburg University of Technology.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Planet, Lonely; Ham, Anthony; Atkinson, Brett; Bainbridge, James; Butler, Stuart; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Clammer, Paul; Corne, Lucy; Filou, Emilie (2017-11-01). Lonely Planet Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78701-147-2.
- ^ Planet, Lonely; Ham, Anthony; Bainbridge, James; Corne, Lucy; Fitzpatrick, Mary; Holden, Trent; Sainsbury, Brendan (2017-09-01). Lonely Planet Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78701-240-0.