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User:KAVEBEAR/Kaikioewa

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Kaikioʻewa
Kaikioʻewa and his wife Keaweamahi, number 11, at the rear of the funeral procession of Queen Keōpūolani, 1823.
Governor of Kauaʻi
Tenure1825–1839
PredecessorKahalaiʻa Luanuʻu
SuccessorKeaweamahi
Bornc. 1765
Waimea, Kauai
DiedApril 10, 1839[1]: 102 
Honolulu, Oahu
SpousePiʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama
Wauhaukapu
Keaweamahi
IssueKuwahine
Likelike
Kamehameha III (hānai)
Moses Kekuaiwa (hānai)
FatherKaʻianaukupe Kaolohaka-a-keawe)
MotherKekikipaʻa Kalanikauleleiaiwi)

Kaikioʻewa (1765-1839), was a Hawaiian high chief or nobleman of Big Island descent, and an early supporter and advisor of Kamehameha I and his successors, serving as the 3rd royal governor of Kauai for the duration of fourteen years between 1825 and 1839. He was also the guardian of Prince Kauikeaouli, who would later become Kamehameha III.[2]

Life

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Early life

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Kaikioʻewa was born around 1765[2][3] at Waimea, Kauai, to the High Chief Kaiana Kuikue Ukupe (or Kaʻianaukupe Kaolohaka-a-keawe), the son or grandson of High Chief Kaolohaka-a-Keawe, one sons of the many of King Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku of Hawaii Island by his fifth wife High Chiefess Malaeakini. His grandfather was probably relatively young and thus left out in inheritance when war broke out between Kalaninuiamamao and Kalanikeeaumoku, after Keaweikekahialiʻiokamoku's death. Kaikioʻewa mother was High Chiefess Kekikipaʻa Kalani-kauleleiwai (or Kekikoʻola Lalanikauleleaiwi).[4] Through both his mother and father he was cousin of King Kamehameha the Great. He had one brother, Kaokanu, who was likely the biological father of Kuini Liliha.[5][6] It not for sure how he ended up being born on Kauai instead of Hawaii, but Hawaiian aliis were not restricted to their parents' home island; ex. King Kaumualii's father, Kaeokulani was a Prince of Maui who came to rule Niihau and Kauai.


He was a supporter of Kamehameha I during the period of civil wars[2][6] that ensued on the island after King Kalaniopuʻu's death. He probably fought along with Kamehameha during his conquest of the other islands. After establishment of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Kaikioʻewa may have became one of Kamehameha's advisors in his council of chiefs. After Kamehameha I's death in 1819, Queen Kaahumanu came into power ruling alongside Kamehameha III as Kuhina Nui. She appointed all her siblings and Mauian relatives to the highest position in the kingdom; the king and his queens, all the royal governors, and the Prime Minister were only two generations seperate from one common ancestor King Kekaulike of Maui. Kaikioʻewa was unique at the time being one of the few chiefs at time with no close blood relation to the Kings of Maui, but by marriage he was, and he was related to these chiefs through the Kings of Hawaii Island.

 
A plaqu marking the spot where Kamehameha III was born. It was added to the Hawaii register of historic places in 1978 on state official web site</ref> and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978

In 1813, he was appointed the guardian of Prince Kauikeaouli.[2] Queen Keopuolani had travel from Kohala in a canoe to a house on Keauhou Bay in the Kona.[7] According to tradition Kauikeaouli had been declared stillborn (hence his name "placed in the dark clouds"). High Chief Kuakini who had been given the honor of being the boy's hānai father refused the stillborn child and left. Kaikioʻewa was on site and his kaula (Hawaiian prophet) Kapihe was summoned to the child. Kapihe cleanse the child, laid him on a rock, fanned, sprinkled water and recited a chant until he breathed, moved and cried. The chant of Kapihe was to Kaʻōnohiokalā, "Child of God". The stone is preserved as a monument today by the Daughters of Hawaiʻi.[8][9] Kaikioʻewa must have been really respected by King Kamehameha and Keopuolani to be allowed to be guardian to their son. Kauikeaouli and his brother and sister were the most sacred royals in the land, even their father Kamehameha had to bow to them. Being guardian must have been a really tedious job since Kaikioʻewa wouldn't have been able to discipline or punished his royal charge due to Kauikeaouli's higher status. Kauikeaouli would succeed his brother as Kamehameha III in 1824. He had to surrender the guardianship over to Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu after he replace him as Governor of Kauai. Kamehameha III went through a succession of guardians as king but Kaikioʻewa remained a closed mentor to the king till his death in 1839.[9]

Governor of Kauai

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On August 8, 1824 Humehume, son of former King Kaumualii of Kauai, led his followers in a surprise attack on Fort Elizabeth, manned by troops of the Kingdom of Hawaii, in a effort to restore Kauaian independence. After entering the fort, his victory shouts did not bring throngs of supporters, but rather roused the defenders. The attack was repelled. Missionary leader Hiram Bingham I and his family were visiting at the time, but escaped injury.[10] Humehume and his troops returned to Wahiawa and tried to gather more followers. Kalanimoku, had just been stationed on Kauaʻi, and sent for reinforcements to search for Humehume. On August 18, 1824 Kaikioʻewa, Kahekili and Hoapili arrived with an estimate of a thousand troops[11]: 116  and joined Kalanimoku, marching to meet the rebels at their camp, who were routed. It was say 130 Kauaians were slain while only 1 Hawaiian fell.[11]: 116  This would be the largest loss of life in a military armed conflict in the Hawaiian islands until the attack on Pearl Harbor over a century later.[12][11]: 116 

Queen Kaʻahumanu, arrived on Kauaʻi on August 27, after the rebellion was quelled. Her first action was to strip all the chiefs of Kauaian descent from power in the entire island, replacing them with chiefs loyal to her and Kamehameha II from other islands; most of them were her relatives. She personally chosed Kaikioʻewa as the successor of Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu. [13]


In 1837, he moved the seat of the island from Waimea to Līhuʻe, prior to then, a minor village in the Puna district.[14] This was due to the emergence of the sugar industry in the 1800s. Līhuʻe became the central city of the island with the construction of a large sugar mill; and it has remain the seat of the island since.


His former residence at Kapuniai, Waimea still stands. It was built for him in 1830, and in 1871 Queen Emma hosted a lūʻau there. It is located above the old Waimea dispensary and is now the home of the pastor of the Waimea United Church of Christ.[15][16]



Appointed as governor of Kauaʻi in 1825 after Kauaʻi rebellion was thwarted, and remained governor until he died, at which time his wife, Keaweamahi took his place.[3]

Went into debt during the sandalwood era due to excesses in spending on novelties.[3]

After to converting to Protestantism, he encouraged the expulsion of Roman Catholic priests in 1830 and remained fiercely anti-Catholic for the rest of his life.[2][3]

Along with Queen Deborah Kapule was responsible for the founding of Waiʻoli Huiʻia Church.[17]

In 1835 Ladd & Co. leased 980 acres (400 ha) for a sugar plantation in Kōloa on Kauaʻi from Kaikioʻewa . The project had the support of conservative missionaries such as Hiram Bingham I.[18][3]


Book sources

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The Lïhu'e Place Name on Kaua'i 

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http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/33794

A History of the Sandwich Islands

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He is also said to be a descendant of foreign sailors who according to oral tradition ship-wrecked on the island in the reign of King Kealiiokaloa in the mid-16th century. The ship had wrecked at Pale in the district of district of Keei on the south side of Kealakekua Bay. The vessel was called Konaliloha and the commander Kukanaloa survived along with his sister. These two individuals were speculated to be Spaniards which would place their arrival in the island 200 years before Captain James Cook.[19]: 19 

The Story of Hawaii

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[20]


A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands

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[10]

A Residence in the Sandwich Islands by Charles Samuel Stewart

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[21]

History of the Hawaiian Islands by Jarves and Whitney

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[11]: 116 

Sandwich island notes By George Washington Bates

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http://books.google.com/books?id=PcYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223&dq=Kaikioewa&hl=en&ei=r9BFTYQKjdKwA_DUsZMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Kaikioewa&f=false

The centennial book: one hundred years of Christian civilization in Hawaii ... By Hawaiian mission centennial

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http://books.google.com/books?id=_edMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Kaikioewa&hl=en&ei=GtFFTcnIMI_ksQPjwayPCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Kaikioewa&f=false

The Missionary herald, Volume 36 By American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

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http://books.google.com/books?id=oYkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242&dq=Kaikioewa&hl=en&ei=GtFFTcnIMI_ksQPjwayPCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Kaikioewa&f=false

The Hawaiian Monthly

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[22]

An Account of the Polynesian Race

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[23]

A Brief History of the Hawaiian People

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[24]: 116 

History of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions By Joseph Tracy

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http://books.google.com/books?id=yIAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA403&dq=Kaikioewa&hl=en&ei=6NFFTYOMLZG0sAP9wqXECg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=Kaikioewa&f=false

Marriage and Children

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Kaikioʻewa married three times, but it isn't know for sure which marriage came first.[4] One of his wife was the High Chiefess Piʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama, the daughter of the High Chief Kamanawa, one of the royal twins (with Kameʻeiamoku) who advised Kamehameha I, and the High Chiefess Kekuʻiapoiwa II, the mother of Kamehameha I and former wife of the High Chief Keoua of Kohala. This marriage made him the half-brother-in-law of Kamehameha I and Keliʻimaikai. Piʻipiʻi had previously married to the High Chief Keholoikalani and mothered a son. She died in October 1818 at Kamakahonu, Kailua-Kona.[25] They had one daughter:[2][6]

  • High Chiefess Kuwahine, married Prime Minister Kalanimoku. It disputed if she was his daughter from his first marriage or his second marriage. Some source[4] inaccurately numbered her as the second wife of Kalanimoku. It appears that this union left no issue.

His other wife was the High Chiefess Wauhaukapu (sometimes called Nahaukapu)[2] who he had one (two) daughter with:

  • High Chiefess Likelike, married Prime Minister Kalanimoku. It's not known for sure if this marriage was polygamous because Kalanimoku's only son Leleiohoku I was born in 31 March 1821, twenty seven days after Likelike's death, and Leleiohoku was suppose to be the son of another one of Kalanimoku's wife, the High Chiefess Kiliwehi. But this is highly unlikely because of two reasons. First Kalanimoku had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1819 which doesn't allow polygamy. Second divorce existed in Ancient Hawaii before and some Chiefess had more than one life partner. Some source inaccurately numbered her as Kalanimoku last wife. It appears that this union left no issue. She died in March 4, 1821 at Honolulu.[4][26]

Adopted Moses Kekuaiwa intended as his successor to the governorship of Kauai. [27]: 26  He was to be his hānai father's heir as Governor of Kauai, although this never happen.[28] [9]

[2]

[29]

References

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  1. ^ Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-59-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Daniel Harrington. "Other Hawaiian Ali'i (Royalty) and Chiefs—Part III". Hawaiian Encyclopedia. Mutual Publishing. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  3. ^ a b c d e Darlene E. Kelley (August 10, 2008). "Important People - Part 18". Keepers of the Culture: A study in time of the Hawaiian Islands As told by the ancients. Retrieved 2010-4-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Christopher Buyers. "The Kamehameha Dynasty Genealogy (Page 4)". Royal Ark web site. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  5. ^ Edith K. McKinzie and Ishmael W. Stagner (1983). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press. p. 42. ISBN 0939154285.
  6. ^ a b c Arthur Grove Day (1984). History Makers of Hawaii: a biographical dictionary Day. Mutual Publishing of Honolulu. p. 62. ISBN 0935180095.
  7. ^ Daughters of Hawaiʻi. "Huhileʻe Palace - Kaʻopa Spring - Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  8. ^ John R. K. Clark (2002). Hawaiian Genealogies: Hawaiʻi Place Names. University of Hawaii Press. p. 167. ISBN 0824824512.
  9. ^ a b c Katharine Luomala, University of Hawaii (1987). "Reality and Fantasy: The Foster Child in Hawaiian Myths and Customs". Pacific Studies. Brigham Young University Hawaii Campus. pp. 27–28.
  10. ^ a b Hiram Bingham I (1855) [1848]. A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). H.D. Goodwin.
  11. ^ a b c d James Jackson Jarves, Henry Martyn Whitney (1872). History of the Hawaiian Islands (4 ed.). H. M. Whitney. p. 116.
  12. ^ Robert C. Schmitt (1969). "Catastrophic Mortality in Hawaii". Hawaiian Journal of History. Vol. 3. Hawaiian Historical Society.
  13. ^ Daniel Harrington. "Part 2 Glossary (I-L)". Hawaiian Encyclopedia. Mutual Publishing. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  14. ^ Daniel Harrington. "Līhuʻe". Hawaiian Encyclopedia. Mutual Publishing. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  15. ^ Daniel Harrington. "Waimea Canyon/Kōkeʻe State Park". Mutual Publishing. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  16. ^ "Emalani at Kokeʻe - Emalani naea's MySpace Blog". Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  17. ^ Waiʻoli Huiʻia Church. "About Us: A Brief History of the Waiʻoli Huiʻia Church". Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  18. ^ Mary S. Lockwood (January 1895). "A Leaf in History: Showing how the government of the Hawaiian Islands was induced to perpetuate great wrongs against American merchants in aid of English merchants". Daughters of the American Revolution magazine. Vol. 6, no. 1. Daughters of the American Revolution. pp. 121–127.
  19. ^ Sheldon Dibble (1843). History of the Sandwich Islands. Lahainaluna: Press of the Mission Seminary.
  20. ^ Mary Charlotte Alexander (1912). The Story of Hawaii. American Book Co.
  21. ^ Charles Samuel Stewart (1839). William Ellis (ed.). A Residence in the Sandwich Islands. Weeks, Jordan & Company.
  22. ^ The Hawaiian Monthly. 1884. p. 84.
  23. ^ Abraham Fornander (1880). An Account of the Polynesian Race; Its Origin and Migrations, and the Ancient Jistory of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Vol. II. London: Trubner & Co. p. 131. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ William DeWitt Alexander (1891). A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. American Book Co.
  25. ^ Christopher Buyers. "Kauai Genealogy". Royal Ark web site. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  26. ^ Ross H. Gast (1973). Don Francisco de Paula Marín: a biography. University of Hawaii Press for the Hawaiian Historical Society. p. 325. ISBN 0824802209.
  27. ^ George S. Kanahele (1999). Emma: Hawai'i's Remarkable Queen: a Biography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824822408.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference dibble was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Daniel Harrington. "Kauaʻi History". Hawaiian Encyclopedia. Mutual Publishing. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
Preceded by Royal Governor of Kauaʻi
1825–1839 		Succeeded by

Category:1765 births Category:1839 deaths Category:Converts to Christianity Category:Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom Category:Hawaiian Kingdom politicians Category:Governors of Kauai

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