Common Dialectal Chinese is a phonological system devised by Jerry Norman as a shared basis for varieties of Chinese with the exception of Min dialects.
Initials and finals
editThe categories were derived from those of the Qieyun, a medieval rhyme dictionary, and later rhyme tables, by merging categories not distinguished in the modern varieties. The assignment of words to categories is determined from reflexes in the modern varieties, and occasionally differs from the placement in the Qieyun. Similarly the phonetic characteristics of the categories are based on modern reflexes, and not the Sino-Xenic readings and transcription evidence usually also used in studies of Middle Chinese.
| Labials[2] | Dentals[3] | Dental sibilants[4] | Alveolopalatals[5] | Velars[6] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop or affricate |
tenuis | *p- 幫 | *t- 端 | *ts- 精 | *c- 知,照 | *k- 見 |
| aspirated | *ph- 滂 | *th- 透 | *tsh- 清 | *ch- 徹,穿 | *kh- 溪 | |
| voiced | *b- 並 | *d- 定 | *dz- 從 | *j- 澄,牀 | *g- 群 | |
| Nasal | *m- 明 | *n- 泥,娘 | *nh- 日 | *ng- 疑 | ||
| *mv- 微 | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *f- 非,敷 | *s- 心 | *sh- 審 | *x- 曉 | |
| voiced | *v- 奉 | *z- 邪 | *zh- 禪 | *h- 匣 | ||
| Approximant | *w- 喻 | *l- 來 | *y- 喻 | *∅- 影 | ||
| Yunjing rhyme group (shè 攝) |
開 kāi division | 合 hé division | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | |
| 遇 yù[7] | *-ie | *-u | *-iu[a] | |||||
| 果 guǒ[8] | *-o | *-io | *-uo | *-iuo | ||||
| 假 jiǎ[9] | *-a | *-ia | *-ua | |||||
| 止 zhǐ[10] | *-ei | *-i | *-uei | *-ui[b] | ||||
| 蟹 xiè[12] | *-oi | *-ai | *-iai | *-uoi | *-uai | [c] | ||
| 流 liú[13] | *-eu | *-ieu | ||||||
| 效 xiào[14] | *-ou | *-au | *-iau | |||||
| 深 shēn[15] | *-em/p, *-im/p[d] | |||||||
| 咸 xián[16] | *-om/p | *-am/p | *-iam/p | |||||
| 臻 zhēn[17] | *-en/t | *-in/t | *-un/t | *-iun/t | ||||
| 山 shān[18] | *-on/t | *-an/t | *-ian/t | *-uon/t | *-uan/t | *-iuan/t | ||
| 通 tōng[19] | *-ung/k | *-iung/k | ||||||
| 曾 zēng[20] | *-eng/k | *-ing/k | *-ueng/k | *-iuek | ||||
| 梗 gěng[21] | *-ang/k | *-iang/k | *-uang/k | *-iuang/k | ||||
| 宕 dàng, 江 jiāng[22] | *-ong/k | *-(i)ong/k[e] | *-iong/k | *-uong/k | *-iuong/k | |||
The tones are the four tones of Middle Chinese.
Development
edit| Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | Late | |||
| *p-, *pr-, *prj-, *pj- | p- | 幫 p- | p- | p- |
| *pj- | 非 f- | f- | f- | |
| *t- | t- | 端 t- | t- | t- |
| *tr-, *trj- | ʈ- | 知 ʈ- | tʂ- | tʂ- |
| *tj-, *kj- | tɕ- | 照 ʈʂ- | ||
| *tsr-, *tsrj- | ʈʂ- | |||
| *ts- | ts- | 精 ts- | ts- | ts- |
| *tsj- | tɕ- | |||
| *kr-, *krj-, *kj-, *kʷrj-, *kʷj- | k- | 見 k- | k- | |
| *k-, *kʷ-, *kʷr- | k- | |||
| Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | Rhyme tables | |||||
| *-ən | 痕 -on | 臻 zhēn | open | I | -ən | -ən |
| *-rjin, *-rjən | 真 -in | III | -in | -in | ||
| *-jin | 真 -jin | |||||
| *-jən | 欣 -jɨn | |||||
| *-un | 魂 -won | closed | I | -un | -un | |
| *-rjun | 諄 -win | III | -yn | -yn | ||
| *-ʷjin | 真 -jwin | |||||
| *-jun | 文 -jun | |||||
| *-an | 寒 -an | 山 shān | open | I | -an | -an |
| *-ran | 刪 -æn | II | -jan | -jɛn | ||
| *-rin, *-rən, *-ren | 山 -ɛn | |||||
| *-rjen, *-rjan | 仙 -jen | III | -jɛn | |||
| *-jen | 仙 -jien | |||||
| *-jan | 元 -jon | |||||
| *-in, *-en | 先 -en | IV | ||||
| *-on | 桓 -wan | closed | I | -wɔn | -wan | |
| *-ron | 刪 -wæn | II | -wan | |||
| *-run | 山 -wɛn | |||||
| *-rjon | 仙 -jwen | III | -ɥɛn | -ɥan | ||
| *-ʷjen | 仙 -jwien | |||||
| *-jon | 元 -jwon | |||||
| *-ʷin, *-ʷen | 先 -wen | IV | ||||
Notes
edit- ^ The spelling *-iu- represents [y].[1]
- ^ The spelling *-ui represents [yi].[11]
- ^ Expected *-iuai has merged with *-ui.[11]
- ^ The final *-em/p occurs only with Middle Chinese retroflex initials, contrasting with *-im/p, which occurs with Middle Chinese palatal initials.[15]
- ^ Northern dialects have the palatal form after velar and laryngeal initials.[23]
References
edit- ^ a b Norman (2006), p. 238.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 233–234.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 234–235.
- ^ Norman (2006), p. 235.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 235–237.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 237–238.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 239–240.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 238–239.
- ^ Norman (2006), p. 239.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 241–242.
- ^ a b Norman (2006), p. 241.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 240–241.
- ^ Norman (2006), p. 243.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 242–243.
- ^ a b Norman (2006), pp. 244–245.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 243–244.
- ^ Norman (2006), p. 247.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 245–246.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 251–252.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 249–250.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 250–251.
- ^ Norman (2006), pp. 247–249.
- ^ Norman (2006), p. 249.
Works cited
- Norman, Jerry (1999), "Vocalism in Chinese dialect classification", in Simmons, Richard VanNess (ed.), Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, vol. 15, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, pp. 193–203, JSTOR 23825680.
- —— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, Routledge, pp. 72–83, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
- —— (2006), "Common Dialectal Chinese", in Branner, David Prager (ed.), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 271, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 233–254, ISBN 978-90-272-4785-8.
- —— (2014), "A model for Chinese dialect evolution", in Simmons, Richard VanNess; Van Auken, Newell Ann (eds.), Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Language and Linguistics Monograph Series, vol. 53, Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. 1–26, ISBN 978-986-04-0343-5.