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Kasepulveda/sandbox
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Phylum:	Euryarchaeota
Class:	Halobacteria
Order:	Halobacteriales
Family:	Halobacteriaceae
Genus:	Haladaptatus
Species:	paucihalophilus
Binomial name
Haladaptatus paucihalophilus Savage et al 2007, emend.

Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is a halophilic archaeal species, originally isolated from a spring in Oklahoma. It uses a new pathway to synthesize glycine, and contains unique physiological features for osmoadaptation.

Discovery

H. paucihalophilus was originally found in 2004 by Mostafa Elshahed et al, but was not classified as a species at the time; only the Halobacteriales were studied. Kristen N. Savage et al, isolated H. paucihalophilus from the Zodletone Spring located in Oklahoma. It was originally considered to have two different strains: DX253 and GY252. However, the two strains were later deemed together as a single species since they have a 97.7% species similarity in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. In order to isolate H. paucihalophilus specifically, soil samples from the spring were taken and later inoculated onto a halophile selected medium and then analyzed further after colonial growth. Testing was done for Gram reaction, carbon source, acid production, growth at minimal salt concentration, and antibiotic sensitivity. Also PCR was performed with the primers A1F and UA1406R. H. paucihalophilus was named for its ability to grow in low-salt environments ("pauci" meaning small, "halo" meaning salt, "philus" meaning loving).

Ecology

Most species within Halobacteriaceae can be found in environments, such as springs and marshes, that contain a high salt concentration. However, it has been suggested that many of these archaeal species that have a high tolerance to salt can also exist in low-salt environments. H. paucihalophilus is capable of surviving and growing within a broad range of salt concentrations, therefore it can also be found living in low-salt environments, much like Zodletone Spring.

Phylogeny

On the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is similar to the species Halalkalicoccus tibetensis by 89.5-90.8% with the differences concentrated at the base pairs of 1-200 and 400-800. Differences with the phospholipid content in H. paucihalophilus when compared to other halophilic genera is what mainly constitutes differentiation.

Characterization

Morphology

Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is a cocci-shaped chemoorganotroph, non-motile, and pink pigmented archaeal species. H. paucihalophius cells are 1.2 micrometers in diameter with a doubling time of 12-13 hours and are found growing as single cells or in pairs of two. This speceis contains the phospholipids: phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate. It produces acid, grows at a pH range of 5.0-7.5, and it is able to grow in a wide range of salt concentrations from 0.8-5.1M.

Metabolism

The flow of carbon for Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is done with the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle, however it does not use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. It uses glutamic acid, histidine, norleucine, phenylalanine, D-glucuronic acid, aesculin, trehalose, dextrin, salicin, sucrose, fructose, xylose, glucose, galactose, glycerol, citrate, pyruvate, acetate, starch, lactate, mannitol, fumarate, and malate as sources of carbon. H. paucihalophilus is aerobic so it uses oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor . It is not capable using nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as an electron acceptor for growth in anaerobic conditions. In this species, lysine synthesis is done by the diaminopimelate pathway, the typical pathway for halophilic archaea. H. paucihalophillus sets itself apart by its biosynthesis of glycine by using a mixture of three biosynthetic pathways, which are the serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway, the threonine aldolase pathways, and the reverse of the glycine cleavage system.

Genomics

The size of the genome of H. paucihalophilus is 4,317,540 total bases. It contains 4,489 genes that of which 4,429 are protein coding genes. The G-C content of H. paucihalophilus is 60.5 mol%.

Scientific importance

This particular halophile has an importance in the scientific field because not only can it survive high salt concentrations but it can also tolerate low salt concentrations, making it a target species to study in the lab It is also the first microbe to be recognized that is able to synthesize glycine using different pathways besides the typical serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway. H. paucihalophilus is an organism to study due to its unique physiological features for osmoadaptation, which is its ability to adjust to differences in osmolarity by having salt within its cytoplasm.