User:Katlcruz/sandbox

Article Evaluation

1. AREA ARTICLE: Berkeley, CA

• Homelessness section in Berkeley article is one sentence about a stat of homelessness in Berkeley
• from an unreliable source
• Listed under demographics
  • Article to draw info from: Iconography and locational conflict from the underside: Free speech, People's Park, and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley, California
    • Cal -> wanting to redefine Southside -> esp. People's Park -> FSM vets came back to fight this
    • Reagan housing that never happened
    • history of the People's Park involvement with homelessness in the Berkeley community

1. SECTOR ARTICLE: Homelessness in the United States-Homeless families

• EDUCATIONAL ASSIGNMENT

• It is the smallest article section of the "Definitions and categories" section of the article
• Stats based with no actual details of the people itself
• Information seems kind of disconnected (2009)
• Article to draw info from: Welfare Indignities: Homeless Women, Domestic Violence, and Welfare Reform in San Francisco
  • 1996: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
  • though the study primarily focuses on homeless women, it touches base on family (specifically the children)
  • children behavioral and physical problems
    • mothers lacked child care services so they'd have to go from work to often pick up their children
    • therefore would leave be fired, couldn't get another job/got another job the same issue would happen with/to their child, get fired again (never ending cycle)
  • interview with a woman from the homeless shelter led to a story of how her children's immunization documents got stolen, so her daughter probably would not be allowed to start school until she has proof that her child has been vaccinated. (docs being stolen in the shelter hurts the women but the children too ex. health records, school records, etc.)
  • women not properly educated in the legislative laws that were implemented on social services
    1. ex. just because they were convicted, they thought they wouldn't qualify for that specific service, which caused not only harm to them but their child as well. BUT they did not know that their child could still qualify.

Scholarly Sources:

Berkeley, CA Article

1. Iconography and locational conflict from the underside: Free speech, People's Park, and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley, California
   • DonMitchell
   • Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
   • Available online 3 July 2002.
   • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096262989290046V
     1. SUMMARY SENTENCE: Increasing enrollment also led the university to wanting to redevelop certain places of Berkeley, especially Southside, but more specifically People's Park
     2. talks about how UC students and the Berkeley fought for the homeless population to keep People's Park as their safe haven since they don't have much. Focuses on South side which is perfect because that's where there is a big visibility of the homeless population (compared to Northside also PE is in South side)
2. How Housing Regulations Cause Homelessness
   • William Tucker
   • https://search.proquest.com/docview/1298115966?pq-origsite=gscholar
     1. SUMMARY SENTENCE: "Though there is a high demand for urban areas to build housing, there is simply not enough room to build these new housing structures. And even when there is and they do build these housing units, they must abide to "rental control" rooms thus making rent extremely high and not affordable housing."
        1. Berkeley could be considered an urban area to an extent (just being part of the Bay Area in general)
           1. especially since it is filled with college students
              1. we will pay more > families who can barely afford it don't get the housing
              2. since they can't afford housing sometimes they seek refuge in a homeless shelter (PE)

Update Scholarly Sources and Summaries for Berkeley, CA article

1. June Gin, , Dorceta E. Taylor, (2010), Movements, neighborhood change, and the media – Newspaper coverage of anti-gentrification activity in the San Francisco Bay Area: 1995–2005, in Dorceta E. Taylor (ed.) Environment and Social Justice: An International Perspective (Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, Volume 18) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.75 - 114 article link: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/S0196-1152%282010%290000018005#
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "Berkeley, with the political history of the UC, has been vocal about the housing situation that has not only effected the students, but locals as well. The history to keep People's Park as it is, a place for the homeless population to have some sort of shelter, rather than transformed to more student housing is a prime example of this"

1. Caldararo, Niccolo Leo, The Housing Crisis and Homelessness: An Outline History, and an Example from San Francisco Ethnographic Materials (March 2, 2011). article link: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1775352 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1775352
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE
     • Mentions the Bay Area homeless crisis, but specifically SF, doesn't really talk about the East Bay (and when it does its Oakland, not Berkeley).
       • not using this source

1. Katayama, Devin. “Alameda County’s Homeless Population Climbs Dramatically Over Two Years.” KQED News, 28 June 2017, ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/26/alameda-countys-homeless-population-climbs-dramatically-over-two-years/. article link: https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/26/alameda-countys-homeless-population-climbs-dramatically-over-two-years/
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE
     • "Since 2015, rent in the Alameda county has increased by 25% while ones income has only raised by 5%. This disparity thus contributes to the increase of the homeless population here in Berkeley."
     • this is not a scholarly source, so went looking for the city report and gathered stats from there.

1. REPORT: http://everyonehome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BERKELEY_5-Final-1.pdf
   • Article: CITY OF BERKELEY EVERYONE COUNTS HOMELESS POINT-IN-TIME 2017 COUNT AND SURVEY
   • Published Summer 2017
   • Author: The Everyone Home Project
     • stats about homeless people (youth, men, women, families) in Berkeley
     • where they are seeking refuge
     • race/age/gender
     • homeless families "90% of homeless families do live in shelters."

1. Don Mitchell (1995) The End of Public Space?People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85:1, 108-133 article link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.xa#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMTExL2ouMTQ2Ny04MzA2LjE5OTUudGIwMTc5Ny54YT9uZWVkQWNjZXNzPXRydWVAQEAw
   • History of People's Park and the homeless
     • SUMMARY SENTENCE
       • In the words of UC‘s Director of Community Affairs, Milton Fujii: "The park is underutilized. Only a small group of people use the park and they are not the representative of the community" When talking about why he believes and is in support of People's Park should be being demolished from its its current use, a public space for those who are homeless.
2. Steinbach, Alan MD; Swartzberg, John MD; Carbone, Verona. "The Berkeley Suitcase Clinic: Homeless Services by Undergraduate and Medical Student Team." ANNUAL FEATURE: IN PROGRESS: REPORTS OF NEW APPROACHES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: CURRICULUM: Hot Topics. Academic Medicine: May 2001 - Volume 76 - Issue 5 - p 524. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Citation/2001/05000/The_Berkeley_Suitcase_Clinic__Homeless_Services_by.58.aspx
   • talks about more about what services Suitcase provides (in an undergrad and grad level)
   • "Ten years ago, medical and public health students at the University of California, Berkeley were inspired to provide direct services to the homeless population."
     • Suitcase Clinic is my PE
     • good to see the history aspect of where it came and why

Update Scholarly Sources and Summaries for Homelessness in the United States Article

1. Rog, Debra J., and John C. Buckner. “Homeless Families and Children.” Toward Understanding Homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research , pp. 5–1-5–33.article link: https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/homeless_symp_07.pdf#page=197
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "Studies have shown a strong correlation of homeless families in the United States usually being those with a single female with children, especially minority women. The income of the one and only contributor of the family usually falls below the federal poverty level thus making it hard to be accepted for housing, more specifically the limited affordable housing options. Just as it is a limited market, it is also a very competitive market"
     • "The three biggest factors that place to contribute to homeless families have been ethnicity, lack of resources, more specifically funds, and young children/pregnancy"

1. Meadows-Oliver, M. (2003), Mothering in Public: A Meta-Synthesis of Homeless Women With Children Living in Shelters. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 8: 130–136. doi:10.1111/j.1088-145X.2003.00130.x article link:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-145X.2003.00130.x/epdf
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • LIFE IN THE SHELTER: "Often times the women who are in the shelter with their children turn to one another for support. Support to watch over their children, their things (the few they may obtain), and to relate to because they are going through a similar situation -- being homeless with children. They form this type of community among one another as a survival strategy."

1. Nooe, Roger, and Timothy Page. “Life Experiences and Vulnerabilities of Homeless Women: A Comparison of Women Unaccompanied Versus Accompanied by Minor Children, and Correlates With Children’s Emotional Distress.” Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, vol. 11, no. 3, July 2002. Article link:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1015741613230.pdf
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "Though single female lead households with children are prone to likely be more homeless, it does not mean that they are all living in homeless shelters. On the contra, homeless women who have children are more likely, one could even say given more of a break, to live with family or friends for more than a certain time than homeless women without children. It can be said that on a personal and government level, homeless women with children are more of a priority than other homeless groups"

1. Kevin J. Swick (2004) The Dynamics of Families who are Homeless. Implications for Early Childhood Educators, Childhood Education, 80:3, 116-121, DOI: 10.1080/00094056.2004.10522786 article link: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00094056.2004.10522786
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "There are many reasons as to way a family becomes or can become homeless, but there seems to be a common theme of three being. First, that the home is in a constant violent nature, thus feeding into another contribution to single female lead households being more prone to homeless. The second factor ties into the first, there could be an experience of sexual abuse, neglection, and/or death of or by a household provider. And thirdly, the reoccurring issue of a mental illness or substance abuse. Each family is different, so each situation is different, but there themes have been seen over and over to take some part in family homelessness."

1. Debra M. Hernandez Jozefowicz-Simbeni, Nathaniel Israel; Services to Homeless Students and Families: The McKinney-Vento Act and Its Implications for School Social Work Practice, Children & Schools, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1 January 2006, Pages 37–44, article link: https://academic.oup.com/cs/article/28/1/37/423786/Services-to-Homeless-Students-and-Families-The
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "There are risks that contribute to families becoming homeless and then there are even more risks on the children who families are homeless. Risks such as having a greater chance of having physical and health problems because they might not have access to food of the best nutrition content, behavioral problems due to the fact that it is a coping mechanism for them, lacking social skills and greater chances of insecurity issues due to growing up in an unstable environment, and a greater increase in mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma from being exposing to an unstable environment at an early age. All of these risks then contribute to an even greater negative risk on how the child preforms in not only their academic, but their personal life as well."

1. C Zlotnick, D Kronstadt, and L Klee “Foster care children and family homelessness.”,  88, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): pp. 1368-1370. article link:http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1368
   • SUMMARY SENTENCE:
     • "there is a strong correlation between children who are in foster care to come from families who were/are homeless."
2.  Tenisha L. Powell (2012) The Impact of Being Homeless on Young Children and Their Families, NHSA Dialog, 15:2, 221-228. article link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15240754.2012.665512
   • According to a study conducted in 2011 by the National Center of Homelessness, statistics unveiled that the United States was ranked the number one within the progressive countries to have the most homeless families
   • Speaks and goes into depth about the issues that children go through by being in a homeless family (violence, neglect, abuse, lack of quality learning environment, basic roles of parenting and daily living, and social isolation)
3. Grant, Roy et al. “Twenty-Five Years of Child and Family Homelessness: Where Are We Now?” American Journal of Public Health 103.Suppl 2 (2013): e1–e10. PMC. Web. 7 Nov. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969115/
   • Although the topic of homeless families emerged during the 1980's due to rates of income inequality, child poverty, and the lack of affordable housing, the issue of homeless families had a rebirth in 2009 after the recession which replicated the same reasons in the 1980's.
   • "New policies for homeless families must diverge from the social patterning of single men's experience and be informed by the experiences of homeless women and children, so that they address how and when to make services accessible and to ensure that the overall environment is conducive to maintaining them "
4. Gültekin, Laura et al. “Voices From the Street: Exploring the Realities of Family Homelessness.” Journal of family nursing 20.4 (2014): 390–414. PMC. Web. 7 Nov. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4422334/
   • Just like children who come from homeless families are at more of a risk of developing behavioral, mental, and physical health problems than their peers. Their mothers are also more at a risk than the general population, to develop mental illnesses

 Drafting summarizing/synthesizing sentences and paragraphs

Berkeley, CA -- Homelessness

• PARAGRAPH 1: "In 2015, an estimated 834-1200 people were homeless in Berkeley. In that same year, rent in Alameda County increased by 25% while the average household income only grew by 5%. This disparity has not only increased the need for more affordable housing in the East Bay, but also contributes to the increase of the homeless population in Berkeley. Berkeley, with the political history of the UC, has always been vocal about the housing situation that has not only effected the students, but locals as well. The history for the fight to leave People's Park as it is, a place for the homeless population to have a space to call their own, rather than destroying it for more student housing is an example of people's fighting efforts to create/maintain space for those who can not fight for themselves."
• PARAGRAPH 2: "Even with the high demand to build housing in the Bay Area as a whole, there is not enough room to build these structures, especially in Berkeley. And even when there is and they do create new housing units, these units must abide to "rental control" laws. These laws tend to favor those who can afford and are willing to pay the high rent, thus taking those who are in the lower income level out of the equation. This then creates those who are part of a lower income level to be at a greater risk of becoming homeless because they cannot find affordable housing.

Revised summary paragraph of Berkeley, CA -- Homelessness

In 2015, an estimated 834-1200 people were homeless in Berkeley.In that same year, rent in Alameda County increased by 25% while the average household income only grew by 5%. This disparity not only contributes to the growing homeless population in Berkeley, but also presents an increased need for more affordable housing in the greater East Bay. With the political activism of the UC, Berkeley has historically been vocal about the housing crisis that affects students and locals alike. An example of these efforts to create and maintain space for those who cannot fight for themselves lies in the movement to preserve People's Park as a place for the homeless population to call its own instead of destroying it to make room for more student housing in the area.

The efforts made by the community to create and maintain space for the homeless population in Berkeley did not stop there. With the history of homelessness and lack of affordable housing, there has been masses of organizations opening up with the sole mission to help this vulnerable population with not only housing assistance, but other symptoms that derive from homelessness. These organizations have stemmed from church groups, non-profits, even the UC. One of the many UC Berkeley student run programs that focuses on assisting the homeless is Suitcase Clinic. Suitcase Clinic was created in the late 1980’s by undergraduate and graduate level students who wanted to provide direct services to those who were affected by the broken record of the housing crisis in Berkeley. Services provided by students have altered over the years to cater to the homeless population needs, which have included health education, foot-washing, child care, and a hot meal.

Despite the high demand for housing, there is not enough room to build these structures in the Bay Area and especially in Berkeley. Whatever new units are constructed must abide by "rental control" laws, which tend to favor those who can afford and are willing to pay the high rent. This marginalizes those at a lower income level and increases their risk of becoming homeless due to an inability to access affordable housing.

Homelessness in the United States -- Homeless Families

• PARAGRAPH 1: "A studied that was focused on risk factors that contributed to family homelessness in the United States showed that the three biggest factors were ethnicity, lack of resources, more specifically funds, and young children/pregnancy. That same study also showed that there was a strong correlation of homeless families usually being those who have a household being ran and financed by a single female, most likely coming from a minority group, and have at least two children. Only having one income and it being a low income, that usually falls below the federal poverty line, makes it exceptionally harder to be accepted for housing, especially the limited affordable housing options. Even though these families are homeless, they do not always take refuge in shelters. Being homeless doesn't necessarily mean that they are out on the streets, on the contra. Homeless women who have children are more likely, one could even say given "more of a break" to live with family or friends for more than a certain time than homeless women without children. It can be said that on a personal and government level, homeless women with children are more of a priority than other homeless groups. There are shelters built and made solely for the purpose to serve this vulnerable group."
• PARAGRAPH 2: "If and when a family decides to seek refuge in a shelter, the risks do not stop there. The risks for the children are even greater and are more likely to noticeable. Risks such as having a greater chance of having physical and health problems. Problems such as malnutrition due to the lack of access to food of the best nutrition content, behavioral problems stemming from the fact that it is a coping mechanism for them, lacking social skills and greater chances of insecurity issues due to growing up in an unstable environment, and a greater increase in mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma from being exposing to an unstable environment at an early age. All of these risks then contribute to an even greater negative risk on how the child preforms in not only their academic, but their personal life as well."

Revised summary paragraph of Homelessness in the United States -- Homeless Families

The topic of homeless families first emerged in the United States during the 1980’s due to high rates of income equality, child poverty, and the lack of affordable housing. The issue of homeless families came back in 2009 after the Recession, which replicated the same issues from the 80’s. In 2011, the National Center of Homelessness unveiled statistics of a study they operated that ranked the United States number one with the most homeless families among other progressive countries.

Another study discovered the three biggest risk factors that contributed to family homelessness in the United States are ethnicity, lack of resources (specifically funds), and young children/pregnancy. There is also a strong correlation between homeless families and households run and financed by a single female, especially one from a minority group and with at least two children. Single-income families, especially those below the federal poverty line, have a harder time finding housing than other families, especially given the limited affordable housing options. Homeless families do not always take refuge in shelters, but being homeless also does not necessarily mean living on the streets. Homeless women with children are more likely to live with family or friends than those without children, and this group is treated with higher priority by both the government and society. This can be seen through shelters exclusively serving women with children.

There are risks to seeking refuge in shelters, which are heightened and more noticeable for children. Such risks include health problems such as malnutrition from lack of access to food with nutritional content, behavioral problems associated with coping, social insecurity from growing up in an unstable environment, and mental illnesses such as PTSD and trauma. These problems exacerbate the child's risk of under-performing in both academic and personal settings.

Just as children who come from homeless families are at a higher risk of developing behavioral, mental, and physical health problems than their peers, their mothers are also at a higher risk especially in developing mental illnesses. There are many things that contribute to why homeless women are at a higher rate of developing a mental illness compared to the general population, but there has been a reoccurring three among studies focused on this issue. First, there is constant violence in the home that the woman and her children which feeds into the bigger issue of single female lead households being prone to homelessness. The second reason of leaving a violent home is the experience of sexual abuse, neglection, and/or death of main household provider. And thirdly, the the reoccurring issue of mental illness or substance abuse. All these factors not only make women and their children more likely to become homeless, but also place homeless women at a higher risk of developing mental illnesses compared to women in the general population.

My Contributions

Berkeley, CA Article

• Minor grammar edits in Housing and Zoning Changes
• Added a sentence about People's Park in Housing and Zoning Changes
• Deleted "Homeless" under "Demographics" and made it its own section
• Added 15 sentences under "Homeless in Berkeley" section
• Hyperlinked "Suitcase Clinic" wiki page into "Homelessness in Berkeley" section
• Created a "List of Resources" under "Homelessness in Berkeley"
• Added 10 resources to the "List of Resources"
• Overall added 5 new citations

Homeless Families in the United States Article

• Deleted a citation in "Effects of Homelessness" and added the correct citation for that source/sentence
• Added a citation for "Effects of Homelessness- Childhood Education"
• Changed title from "Childhood Education" to "The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act"
• Under "Effects of Homelessness-Health" created "Children's Health" with 3 new sentences
• Under "Effects of Homelessness-Health" created "Mother's Health" with 6 new sentences
• Added two citation to "Homeless Families" intro paragraph
• Under "Homeless Families" created "Homeless women with children" with 6 new sentences
• Overall added 8 new citations