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Working towards edits for peculiar velocity.
Notes
editPotential references:
- 1[1] (somewhat old) similar general info to 2... cite both? - 2[2] (much newer, probably better) formulas, connects to cosmological parameter error estimation, SN 1a, result: error in w ~ 2% - 3[3] (maybe?) using velocity power spectrum (related to matter power spectrum) for constraints on parameters like sigma_8
- 4[4] (for RSD) good reference to 'FoG' and correlated velocities - 5[5] (maybe? ) not much, but a bit on relation to matter power spectrum vs galaxy power spectrum
- 6[6] For velocities in clusters
DAN's Notes:
- Within "Galactic astronomy," might be a bit more clear to separate your general definition vs. our 'local' objects/frames. Alternatively, perhaps add a corresponding sentence or two re: a stars peculiar motion/dispersion vs. it's host galaxies motion for a non local star/outside the MW.
- I've heard, at least in intro astronomy classes, the naked-eye observable motion of the planets (and comets) against the background stars described as 'peculiar motion' (Quick search, found in e.g. https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:0521800900 though this might be meant as 'strange motion') even though this is really 'proper motion.' Might be worth a sentence or two clearly noting this loose usage in some sources.
Workspace
editPeculiar motion or peculiar velocity refers to the velocity of an object relative to a rest frame — usually a frame in which the average velocity of some objects is zero.
Galactic astronomy
editIn galactic astronomy, peculiar motion refers to the motion of an object (usually a star) relative to a Galactic rest frame.
Local objects are often related in terms of proper motion and radial velocity, which can be combined through vector addition to produce the object's motion relative to the Sun. Velocities for local objects are sometimes reported with respect to the local standard of rest (LSR) — the average local motion of material in the galaxy — instead of the Sun's rest frame. Translating between the LSR and heliocentric rest frames requires the calculation of the Sun's peculiar velocity in the LSR.[7]
Cosmology
editIn physical cosmology, peculiar velocity refers to the components of a galaxy's velocity that deviate from the Hubble flow. According to Hubble's Law, galaxies recede from us at speeds proportional to their distance from us.
Galaxies are not distributed evenly throughout observable space, but are typically found in groups or clusters, where they have a significant gravitational effect on each other. Velocity dispersions of galaxies arising from this gravitational attraction are usually in the hundreds of kilometers per second, but they can rise to over 1000 km/s in rich clusters.[6] This velocity can alter the recessional velocity that one would expect from the Hubble flow and effect the observed redshift of objects via the relativistic Doppler effect. The Doppler redshift due to peculiar velocities is
which is approximately
for low velocities (small redshifts). This combines with the redshift from the Hubble flow to give the observed redshift[2]
The radial velocity of an object can be approximated by
with contributions from both the Hubble flow and peculiar velocity terms.
Redshift-space distortions can cause the spacial distributions of cosmological objects to appear elongated or flattened out, depending on the cause of the peculiar velocities.[8] Elongation, sometimes refered to as the "Fingers of God" effect, is caused by random thermal motion of objects; however, correlated peculiar velocities from gravitational infall are the cause of a flattening effect.[4] The main consequence is that, in determining the distance of a single galaxy, a possible error must be assumed. This error becomes smaller as distance increases. For example, in surveys of type Ia supernovae, peculiar velocities have a significant influence on measurements out to redshifts around 0.5, leading to errors of several percent when calculating cosmological parameters.[1][2]
Peculiar velocities can also contain useful information about the universe. The connection between correlated peculiar velocities and mass distribution has been suggested as a tool for determining constraints for cosmological parameters using peculiar velocity surveys.[3][5]
References
edit- ^ a b Sugiura, N.; Sugiyama, N.; Sasaki, M. (1 April 1999). "Anisotropies in Luminosity Distance". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 101 (4): 903–922. doi:10.1143/ptp.101.903. ISSN 0033-068X.
- ^ a b c Davis, Tamara M.; Hui, Lam; Frieman, Joshua A.; Haugbølle, Troels; Kessler, Richard; Sinclair, Benjamin; Sollerman, Jesper; Bassett, Bruce; Marriner, John; Mörtsell, Edvard; Nichol, Robert C.; Richmond, Michael W.; Sako, Masao; Schneider, Donald P.; Smith, Mathew (1 November 2011). "The Effect of Peculiar Velocities on Supernova Cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal. 741: 67. arXiv:1012.2912. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/67. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b Odderskov, Io; Hannestad, Steen (1 January 2017). "Measuring the velocity field from type Ia supernovae in an LSST-like sky survey". Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics. 01: 060. arXiv:1608.04446. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/01/060. ISSN 1475-7516.
- ^ a b Percival, W. J.; Samushia, L.; Ross, A. J.; Shapiro, C.; Raccanelli, A. (14 November 2011). "Redshift-space distortions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 369 (1957): 5058–5067. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0370.
- ^ a b Weinberg, David H.; Mortonson, Michael J.; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Hirata, Christopher; Riess, Adam G.; Rozo, Eduardo (1 September 2013). "Observational probes of cosmic acceleration". Physics Reports. 530: 87–255. arXiv:1201.2434. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2013.05.001. ISSN 0370-1573.
- ^ a b Girardi, M.; Biviano, A.; Giuricin, G.; Mardirossian, F.; Mezzetti, M. (1 February 1993). "Velocity dispersions in galaxy clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 404: 38–50. doi:10.1086/172256. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^
Schönrich, Ralph; Binney, James (2010). "Local kinematics and the local standard of rest". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 403 (4): 1829–1833. arXiv:0912.3693. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403.1829S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^
Kaiser, N. (1 July 1987). "Clustering in real space and in redshift space". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 227 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1093/mnras/227.1.1.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)