Chemical reaction
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In nature, hydroxytyrosol is generated by the hydrolysis of oleuropein that occurs during olive ripening. Oleuropein is accumulated in olive leaf and fruit as a defense mechanism against pathogens and herbivores. During olive ripening or when the olive tissue is damaged by pathogens, herbivores, or mechanical damage, the enzyme β-glucosidase helps generate hydroxytyrosol via hydrolysis from oleuropein.[1]
Pharmacology
editAnti-aging
editHydroxytyrosol has been reported to reduce oxidative damage and is so-called as an antioxidant. It is the most active polyphenol scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) in olive oil.[2] Oxidative stress causes protein and fat chromosomes to be damaged, increasing the oxygen free radicals. When skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression increases causing skin aging and increasing wrinkles.
MMPs at the dermis disrupt structural proteins, reducing the concentration of collagen and elastin. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cell culture irradiated by UVA shows an increase in MMP expression while HDF treated with hydroxytyrosol shows a decrease in MMP expression. [3]
Anti-inflammation
editInflammation is when the body’s immune system responds to an irritant. The irritant can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or other external injuries through foreign objects.[4] Inflammation generates free radicals and depletes antioxidants. The overproduction of ROS can cause tissue injury, triggering the inflammatory process.[5] Thus, the antioxidant activity can contribute to the anti-inflammatory roles by disrupting the ROS-inflammatory cycle.[5]
There are two main enzymatic pathways in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA): cyclooxygenase (COXs) and lipoxygenase (LOXs) pathways. [6] Eicosanoid, a signaling compound produced by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, has an important role in generating inflammation including cancer.[6] Hydroxytyrosol act as an antioxidant help to inhibit the activity of COX and LOX enzymes of arachidonic acid (AA), degenerating the eicosanoid synthesis, which thereby reduces the oxidative damage caused by inflammation.[5]
Uses
editDietary supplement
editEdible oils and meat products such as lard are prone to oxidation but the fortification of hydroxytyrosol in food products can delay the oxidation rate.[7] Hydroxytyrosol acts as an anti-oxidant even better than BHT and BHA. Hydroxytyrosol supplementation in bakery products is also common. A study suggests that the intake of HT-fortified products help with the reduction of oxidative LDL cholesterol, reducing cardiovascular disease.[7]
Cosmetic products
editHydroxytyrosol acts as an excellent ingredient for cosmetic formulations such as creams and serum for anti-aging and skin whitening. It provides protection to human melanocytes from protein damages affected by UV light.[8] In melanocytes, a high level of glutathione directs melanin development into soluble and lighter brown pheomelanin versus dark and insoluble eumelanin, which promotes skin lightening. In vivo study shows that cosmetic products with hydroxytyrosol as an ingredient increases glutathione levels, helping with the development of skin whitening.[8][9]
Hydroxytyrosol is also used as a sunscreen ingredient. It protects the melanoma cells during exposure to UV radiation. It can absorb the entire spectrum of UVB and also absorb some part of UVA and UVC spectra.[10] Hydroxytyrosol reduces the DNA strand breakdown caused by UVB radiation and inhibits the proliferation of oxygen free radicals which reduces the oxidative stress.[11] Thus, when applied to the skin, it can help to avoid the penetration of UV radiation.
References
edit- ^ Charoenprasert, Suthawan; Mitchell, Alyson (25 July 2012). "Factors Influencing Phenolic Compounds in Table Olives (Olea europaea)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (29): 7081–7095. doi:10.1021/jf3017699.
- ^ Driss, Fathi; El-Benna, Jamel (1 January 2010). "Chapter 143 - Antioxidant Effect of Hydroxytyrosol, a Polyphenol from Olive Oil by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Human Neutrophils". Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention: 1289–1294. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374420-3.00143-1.
- ^ Jeon, Seeun; Choi, Mina (December 2018). "Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of hydroxytyrosol on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)". Biomedical Dermatology. 2 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s41702-018-0031-x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ InformedHealth.org. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG).
- ^ a b c Yahfoufi, Nour; Alsadi, Nawal; Jambi, Majed; Matar, Chantal (2 November 2018). "The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols". Nutrients. 10 (11): 1618. doi:10.3390/nu10111618.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Reddy, Kakularam Kumar; Vidya Rajan, Veena Kumari; Gupta, Ashish; Aparoy, Polamarasetty; Reddanna, Pallu (December 2015). "Exploration of binding site pattern in arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes, Cyclooxygenases and Lipoxygenases". BMC Research Notes. 8 (1): 152. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1101-4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Silva, Andreia F. R.; Resende, Daniela; Monteiro, Mariana; Coimbra, Manuel A.; Silva, Artur M. S.; Cardoso, Susana M. (8 December 2020). "Application of Hydroxytyrosol in the Functional Foods Field: From Ingredient to Dietary Supplements". Antioxidants. 9 (12): 1246. doi:10.3390/antiox9121246.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Lueder, Maria; AG, Qenax. "The Active Ingredients Mixture of Olives Provides Skin Whitening and Age Spot Reduction". Cosmetic Science Technology 2011.
- ^ Visioli, Francesco; Wolfram, Roswitha; Richard, Doriane; Abdullah, Muhammad Imran Chong B.; Crea, Roberto (11 March 2009). "Olive Phenolics Increase Glutathione Levels in Healthy Volunteers". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (5): 1793–1796. doi:10.1021/jf8034429.
- ^ Pimple, Bhushan P.; Badole, Sachin L. (2014). "Polyphenols". Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease: 861–869. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-398456-2.00067-0.
- ^ Guo, Wei; An, Yu; Jiang, Liping; Geng, Chengyan; Zhong, Laifu (March 2010). "The protective effects of hydroxytyrosol against UVB-induced DNA damage in HaCaT cells: PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HYDROXYTYROSOL AGAINST UVB-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE". Phytotherapy Research. 24 (3): 352–359. doi:10.1002/ptr.2943.