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2014 Pentecost weekend storms in Europe
Lightning over Dortmund, Germany
TypeSpanish plume
convective storm
Mesoscale convective system
Bow Echo
Formed7 June 2014
Dissipated11 June 2014
Highest gust144 km/h (89 mph).
Fatalities6 (in Germany)
Areas affectedWestern Europe

2014 Pentecost weekend storms in Europe were a series of severe supercell storms affecting western Europe which followed a heatwave in June 2014, resulting from a Spanish plume synoptic weather pattern.[1][2] The weekend saw repeated storm development across an arc from southwest France towards Paris and on towards Belgium and northwest Germany, where warm air masses interacted with the cooler air brought in by an area of low pressure moving towards the continent from the Atlantic. Outbreaks of severe weather were reported from these storm developments with the worst damages occurring over the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on 9 June,[3] where the storm was was described as one of the most violent in decades by the German weather service (Deutscher Wetterdienst),[4] this storm is also referred to as low pressure area "Ela" in some German media.

Synoptic situation

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The synoptic conditions of Spanish plume or "antizyklonale Südlage" (in German) saw a low pressure named Ela by Free University of Berlin[5] over the eastern Atlantic, and high pressure Wolfgang over Central Europe which brought a flow of warm air originating from the north west African Maghreb to eastern France and Germany.[6] airmass from Morocco and Sahara.[7]

According to the Severe Weather Center Germany flowed between the low- Ela over the eastern Atlantic and the high pressure centre Wolfgang over Eastern Europe during the of Pentecost weekend, hot air from the south to Germany&France, which heated up to up to 38 degrees on Whit Monday. Then formed over the English Channel , the secondary low Ela II , whose frontal system arriving here cool air.[8]

Heatwave

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NOAA 48 hour airmass trajectory for Zurich 8 June 12.00 UTC at 3000 meters.

Over the weekend before Pentecost temperatures reached a new level for the first ten days of June and monthly records were broken in some areas of eastern France and southwestern Germany.

France

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widespread temperatures exceeding 30°C were seen across France, exceeding 35°C in the area of the Massif Central and south and east of the country.[9] The warmest regions were predicted to occur in the area from Lyon to Alsace.[10]

Between the Pyrenees to Paris Basin and Belgium facing high temperatures to the east of France and into Germany as warm air moved up into Europe from the south.[11] That is why Marisol Touraine, Minister of Social Affairs and Health has decided to activate the public information system.[12]

On Monday, June 9th, saw record temperatures for early June in Eastern France Alsace, Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin) at 37.6°C, beating the previous record of 35.6°C.[6] in the Bas-Rhin, Strasbourg, Strasbourg Entzheim Airport Station Airport Entzheim saw values not seen at this time of year since 1950.http://www.infoclimat.fr/bulletin-special-287-premiere-vague-de-chaleur-de-l-annee-episode-orageux-severe-entre-lundi-09-et-mardi-10.html#8 saw it's hottest day since the 2003 European heat wave heat wave with 37°C measured on 9 June. the station also its monthly record set June 27, 1947. never so hot n 'had been raised before the end June Former decadal record of 35.6 ° C is largely defeated. Since the opening of the station in 1924, the threshold of 35°C is achieved on average three times a year. always in the Alsatian capital, the station installed in the Botanical Garden has, meanwhile, recorded 38.3 ° C, exceeding the previous monthly record of 37.8 ° C also established in 1947, which was the 7th highest value ever recorded at this location.[6]

in Montbéliard (Doubs ) close to the Swiss border, with 35.5°C (old record 35.3 ° C) and 32.1 ° C (old record 32.0 ° C).[6]

at Antibes (Alpes-Maritimes), 35.2 ° C (old record 35 , 0 ° C)[6]

Auvergne experienced high temperatures, in Clermont-Ferrand, a maximum temperature of 36.8 ° C recorded on 9 June beat the previous record for early June of 34.3 ° C, coming close to the overall monthly record of 37.4 ° C which has been reached three times, all in late June.[6]

In most departments in eastern France temperatures were 10 to 14°C above the seasonal average for the period 1981-2010.[6] Monday 9 June saw 37.3°C attained in Carpentras, Vaucluse department where the former record for the time of year was beaten on two days. High temperatures included 37.1°C in Colmar (Haut-Rhin), 36.0°C Grenoble, 35.5°C in Nancy, 35.4°C in Dijon and 34.8°C in Lyon.[6]

 
Europe temperature anomaly June 8-14, 2014

In Switzerland high temperatures but not extreme high or record, temperatures 30-34 C in Rhine valley and Valais. Pilatus mountain above Lucerne concentration in Saharan dust carried over in the air mass.[7] 9 June equalled the maximum recorded temperature in Sion 36.2°C, in the Swiss lowlands Basel 35.5°C at hottest.[13]

Germany

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Warm airmass approached Germany from south-east along the Rhône valley and through the Belfort Gap first in the Upper Rhine Graben, which is why especially here record temp values ​​were measured. Another area of heat was focused in the Lower Franconian "heat island" , where also more than 37 degrees Celsius was measured.[14]

Temperature records fell in Germany on 8 June 2014, where the beginning of June saw some of the highest temperatures ever measured in Germany for the first third of June. 35.6°C was recorded at Waghaeusel, located between Mannheim and Karlsruhe breaking the old record of 35.5°C set on 3 June 1947, some 67 years previously and is the hottest Pentecost day ever measured here. 33.8°C was reached at Roth south of Nuremberg at Pentecost 2000. beginning of the Pentecost weekend, late on Saturday at 10% of all stations especially in the south the warmest June 07 since the start of the measurements, the White Castle in Central Franconia 33.4 degrees highest values ​​reached. Whitsunday was a hot day with widespread highs above 30 degrees. Only in the North West with between 25 and 30 degrees and the coasts, where depending on wind 20 to 25 degrees were achieved, it was not so hot, but but with often over 70% humidity partially sweltering. 35 degrees and more revealed, apart from the stations on the Upper Rhine, the measurements only at certain places, where Berlin was the northernmost of them. Really warmer it was only in the Sahara. daily records for 08 June, there were of course in masses, to about 70% of all stations as the mercury never rose so high that day. The remaining 30%, we find almost exclusively in the north and northwest. 's warmest weekend of Pentecost since 1961 (SA to MO), there was in our stations in 1979 in Wittenberg in the east of Saxony-Anhalt with daily highs of more than 30 degrees and a mean of 32, 3 degrees. But we will this year in many places loose surpass, because today is in many weather stations of the third hot day of the Pentecost weekend. It is now the Southwest of Germany with up to 37 degrees, the warmest place in Europe, tomorrow is shifting the European maximum heat to East Germany.[15]

The bank-holiday "Pfingsten" or Pentecost weekend in Germany was the hottest since records began, according to information from the DWD German weather service. The mercury rose highest on Monday in the Bavarian town of Kitzingen, peaking at 36.7 degrees Celsius (98.06 Fahrenheit). The former record for the day, 33.8 Celsius in Nuremberg in 2000, was topped in several places around the country on Monday.-http://www.dw.de/deadly-summer-storms-hit-western-germany-after-heat-wave/a-17694401

The German Weather Service expected the hottest Pentecost for over 50 years, the last record holder is the year 1979, when almost 34 degrees Celsius were measured at individual weather stations.[14]

The temperature in Germany peaked at 37.9°C (100.2°F) at Ihringen on June 9th, just short of the national June record of 38.2°C (100.8°F) set at Frankfort back in late June 1947.-http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=290 -http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=280 http://www.presseportal.de/pm/112536/2756199/deutscher-wetterdienst-dwd-warnt-vor-hitzewelle-mit-hoher-waermebelastung-an-pfingsten-erstmals-dwd

Storm developments

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Lightning over western Europe 9 June 2014

http://www.wettergefahren-fruehwarnung.de/Ereignis/20140610_e.html The warm, unstable air was supplied from a low-pressure area to the west of Ireland and an anticyclone over central Europe. The dividing line between the warm air over the continent and cool, maritime air, the so-called cold front, was more or less stationary just off the Dutch coast.[16] The following complex, which code-red was issued, developed over northern France and drew with great speed to the southeast of the Netherlands. Taking particular increased storm activity rapidly.[16]

It is impossible to predict exactly where they go down locally and exactly how much they fail. The impending storm is part of the front-bonded type, because they occur at the front of a cold front that pushes itself in Central Europe. The cold air is heavier than the warm, which is currently about Germany. Therefore, the cold front pushes under this package and lifts this. Depending on how fast progressing the front, this happens faster or slower with consequences for the intensity of the developing storm. The warm air is forced in any case the amount and cools down. Thus, it can but hold less water vapor; Droplets condense, form into clouds and end up falling as rain or even hail again. The condensation of the water vapor enhances thereby the convection , because the energy stored therein, the latent heat is released as a real heat and increases the temperature in the cloud. Thus it is relatively warmer to the surrounding atmosphere, whereby the air continue to climb - so even more water vapor condenses: a self-reinforcing mechanism, the first in a tropopause ends above the boundary layer. The storm clouds at Pentecost had probably penetrated even this limit, which explains their strength to the part. In this gust front (bow echo), the cold front pushes a wedge shape under the warm air, which caused severe turbulence. For large storm or supercell also cooled, heavy air sinks to the peripheral areas rapidly downwards, and therefore also strong gusts occur.[14] Bow echo, destructive straight line winds.[17]

Météo-France France saw a succession of storms over the pentecost weekend. first on Saturday 7 June formed in the south west of France region of Gironde, move North East towards the Ile de France and Paris before moving on towards Belgium.[18] night of Sunday-Monday 8-9 June another wave of storms developed over Aquitane passing towards Centre and on to Belgium.[18] On the night of 8 to 9 June 2014, the Île-de-France has been crossed by several supercell structures in which the electrical activity was particularly important, resulting in an uninterrupted succession of flashes for 3 hours, 22 am to 1 am, followed by a shower of hail with hailstones up to 7-8 cm in diameter.[19].

at mid day on 9th a further set of storms developed over Centre and lower Normandy, before passing again over Paris Basin and on to Belgium.[18] Final wave of storms originated in Aquitaine end of the day, is raised during the night of Monday to Tuesday on the north and the Belgian border. It was during this episode that the electrical activity was most intense. During the Monday alone, 127,901 flashes were recorded on the French territory, 23900 lightning strikes.[18]

KNMI issued a warning in south, code red warning issued for limburg.[16]

atmospheric inversion eroded allowing free Atmospheric convection to form supercell, rotating updraught.[20]

Ahead of the front developed over northern France and Belgium thunderstorm cells that grew together in the evening to a large thunderstorm complex and its own circulation brought forth. It was formed a mesoscale convective system (MCS) , which with a bow echo crossed large parts of North Rhine-Westphalia. The passage of the Bow echoes occurred in a strip from the Rhineland to the Ruhr area on gusts to hurricane force. At the Dusseldorf Airport wind speeds of up to 142 kilometres per hour (88 mph) were measured.[8] Rear-inflow jet[21] Bow echo, destructive straight line winds.[17] Numerous other reports over 100km/h were associated with the bow echo, which led to significant damage reported, with trees uprooted by the straight-line winds.[22]

Little activity developed in the UK

In the case of the Spanish Plume event 7 June, the unstable air arrived at night over a comparatively stable boundary layer surface air mass. The only storms that resulted were elevated thunderstorms embedded in the unstable upper air ahead of the cold front (which oddly brought warmer conditions later in the day as cloud cleared and sun came out but too late to coincide with the impressive instability of the plume).[23]

Low "Ela" unusually deep for June at 988mb.[23]

07 June

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http://www.belgorage.com/actualites-orages-2014-06-07.php

08 June

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http://www.belgorage.com/actualites-orages-2014-06-08.php

09 June

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http://www.belgorage.com/actualites-orages-2014-06-09.php

10 June

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http://www.belgorage.com/actualites-orages-2014-06-10.php

Severe weather

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Eclair au dessus de Paris le 9 juin 2014 à 00h30

In passing thunderstorm cells, violent gusts of wind were recorded. Monday, 9 June, recorded 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) in Cognac, Charente. This is the fourth highest gust since 1981 and the highest since the passage of Cyclone Lothar and Martin in December 1999, where a 158 kilometres per hour (98 mph) gust was measured.[18]

At Melle, Deux-Sèvres in western France, the wind blew the same day at 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). This is the second highest gust recorded since the opening of the station after that observed during the passage of Cyclone Lothar and Martin in December 1999.[18] The day before (8 June), in Magnanville, Yvelines department there had been gust of 106 km / h measured in the in the evening. 110km/h in Pontoise, in the northwestern suburbs of Paris.[24] more winds-http://www.infoclimat.fr/bulletin-special-287-premiere-vague-de-chaleur-de-l-annee-episode-orageux-severe-entre-lundi-09-et-mardi-10.html#9

Between Saturday 7 and Tuesday 10 June morning, there were, in the aggregate, 55 mm of rain Saint-Sauveur-Marville Marville (Eure-et-Loir), which corresponds to 5-6 weeks of rain a month of June in Paris, it is not less than 38 mm of rain, the equivalent of three weeks of rain that fell over the same period. Huge hailstones, 5 to 10 cm in diameter, were also observed 9 Monday afternoon in the Loiret department of north central France, and the night of Monday to Tuesday on the east of the Île-de-France.[18]

9 June France poorly organised development-http://www.infoclimat.fr/bulletin-special-287-premiere-vague-de-chaleur-de-l-annee-episode-orageux-severe-entre-lundi-09-et-mardi-10.html#12 The total number of lighning discharges on 9 June was more than 64,000. Such a number is an average of once per summer season.[16] Wind gusts At KNMI station Beek (Maastricht airport) a gust of 19 m / s (68 km / h) was measured during the overhangs of the storm complex. In Eindhoven and Volkel 22 m / s (79 km / h) was recorded. Produced just over the border in Germany at Aachen winds wreak. In Dusseldorf a gust of 144 km / h was observed. Earlier in the day there was during a thunderstorm in Zeeland 23 m / s (83 km / h) measured at the measuring point Tholen.[16] supercell thunderstorm produced an estimated 113,708 lightning strikes across Germany between 2pm Monday and 8am Tuesday.[20]

144 km/h-http://www.infoclimat.fr/observations-meteo/archives/9/juin/2014/dusseldorf/10400.html

in NRW city of Neuss 133 kilometres per hour (83 mph) and in the Ruhr city of Castrop-Rauxel 124 kilometres per hour (77 mph).[25]

area way fell around 40 liters of rainfall per square meter.[26]

ESTOFEX

Damages

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Overall economic losses from France, Germany and Belgium were listed in excess of EUR2.0 billion (USD2.75 billion).[27]

Munich Re The reinsurer said that overall losses across Germany, France and Belgium amounted to $3.1 billion (€2.3 billion), of which $2.5 billion (€1.8 billion) will be paid by the insurance industry...June’s hail storm Ela as the second highest insured catastrophe loss of the first-half of 2014 (1st Japanese snow storms feb, 2nd Ela, 3rd us winter..)[28]

France

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Winemakers in Bordeaux’s Médoc appellation were counting the cost of hail that hit up to 1,000 hectares of vines with local officials preparing to declare a state of natural catastrophe, opening the way to financial aid to any whose crops have been severely affected.-http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20140610-bordeaux-vines-destroyed-hail-two-nights-storms-hit-france


The French Federation of Insurance Companies (FFSA) announced that they expect the cost of the damages from the hail storms in France to total between €800 million and €900 million. claims had been made for damage to 160,000 homes and 190,000 vehicles, while 13,000 businesses, including farmers. Second summer that heavy losses incurred from severe hail damage after the industry saw insurance claims for hailstorms in July and August 2013, at a little more than €800 million, while this phenomenon previously cost between €100million and €200million a year.[29]

Hail is not classified as a "natural disaster" or an "agricultural disaster" in France.http://www.news-assurances.com/actualites/grele-nest-catastrophe-naturelle-calamite-agricole/016782812

Belgium

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5 people injured Saturday 7 June friendly football match between Belgium and Tunisia suspended as golf ball sized hail fell on the Brussels stadium.[30] very localised damages, mainly hit the North of Brussels, Flemish Brabant and East and West Flanders, storm hit hardest in municipality of Wingene, West Flanders, causing extensive damage according to the mayor Hendrik Verkest.

Germany

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Trees felled in the LANUV plantation Recklinghausen

worst affected North-Rhine Westphalia most populous state of Germany [31] Ruhr largest urban agglomeration in Germany, population density 2,800/km².

 
A tree felled by the storm in Düsseldorf Hofgarten

In Düsseldorf three people died after a tree was blown onto a garden shed. Three deaths were reported from other German cities of Essen, Cologne and Krefeld.[32] 30 people left seriously injured after the storm, 37 more lesser injuries.[25] 90 weather-related traffic accidents also reported across NRW by police.[25] Police in Duisburg estimated 1.2 million Euro property damages in the urban area.[25]

German railways cancelled trains in NRW on the 9 June as a precautionary measure.[25] Spokesman for Deutsche Bahn said ‘The devastation in parts of the Rhein-Ruhr region is even worse than from the (2007) storm Kyrill’, with inspections of lines being undertaken by police helicopters etc..[33] Storm damage to cost Deutsche Bahn 60 million Euro.[34] Approximately 1500 km of the route network were damaged by fallen trees.[35]

Losses reported by German insurers to date total €650m, which is just slightly under $900m, but loss estimates have yet to be released by the largest insurer in the country Allianz as well as the large reinsurers Munich Re and Hannover Re.[36]

"Ela is the second-most expensive storm to hit property insurers in the last 15 years," GDV, the German Insurance Association said, adding that Ela had been topped by storm "Andreas," which caused €1.9 billion ($2.59 billion) in property claims in July last year.[37]

Combining disclosures from Belgian, French and German insurance trade bodies, total insured losses for Windstorm Ela have mounted to EUR1.89bn ($2.6bn).http://www.insuranceinsider.com/windstorm-ela-produces-2.6bn-bill

300km long traffic jam on the autobahns of NRW the following morning.[25]

prohibition order extended for four more months until jan 2015 for some areas of forest-http://www.derwesten.de/region/sturmfolgen-forstamt-verlaengert-sperrung-von-waeldern-im-ruhrgebiet-id9769371.html woodlands closed to public until 2015, fines of 25000 euro -http://www.ruhrbarone.de/sturmschaden-der-wald-bleibt-vielerorts-noch-bis-2015-gesperrt/88587

Refs

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https://www.sturmjaeger-nrw.de/bow-echo-western-germany-pentecost-2014/

http://www.willisre.com/documents/Media_Room/Publication/20140930_Willis_Summary_of_Natural_Cat_Events_June_August%202014.pdf


AIR Worldwide[38]

 
A roof blown from a house in Neuss, Germany

KNMI[39]

Convective_available_potential_energy values exceeding 4000J/kg.[40] Meteo France placed 27 departments on orange alert stretching from the South west to Nord Pas de Calais.[40]

Meteociel2[41] NOAA imgs heatwave and rain amounts-http://www.meteo-paris.com/actualites/bilan-hebdo-sur-l-europe-tres-chaud-et-orageux-16-juin-2014.html


Thalweg-temp extremes before storm in France.-[42] http://www.meteo-paris.com/actualites/synthese-des-orages-du-6-au-13-juin-grele-rafale-tornade-et-crue-subite-14-juin-2014.html CIMSS[43] http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/severe-weather-risk-france-to/28361829


Eifel... Dusseldorf, Essen and Bochum saw more damage than during Kyrill storm 2007... similar to Berlin derecho 2002... MCS as small but intense low.[44]


http://www.weather.com/safety/thunderstorms/germany-storms-severe-weather-20140610 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2014/06/09/humongous-hail-hammers-northern-france-photos/ http://www.connexionfrance.com/france-meteo-weather-storms-ile-de-essonne-seine-et-marne-yvelines-val-doise-bordeaux-gironde-15871-view-article.html http://www.connexionfrance.com/france-weather-orange-alert-warning-meteo-hail-video-departments-32-wind-lightning-15867-view-article.html http://ercportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ERCMaps/ECDM_20140610_Europe_SevereWeather.pdf http://www.keraunos.org/actualites/fil-infos/2014/juin/violents-orages-8-9-juin-grele-supercellules-images-satellite.html http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/955.html http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_2242047.html http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_2238698.html http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/planete/20100610.OBS5276/orages-vigilance-orange-etendue-en-franche-comte.html

http://www.rms.com/blog/2014/06/30/is-europe-due-for-severe-hailstorms-this-summer/

http://news.newsdirectory1.com/insurer-650-million-euro-loss-by-whit-storm/

http://www.meteo-spatiale.fr/src/images_evenementielles-image-24160820.php http://www.meteo.be/meteo/view/fr/14303736-Des+nuages+rares+ce+lundi+09+juin+2014.html http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/flooding/june-78th-floods/

storms of 10 July 2014 (E to W)-http://www.thelocal.de/20140711/storms-cause-death-flight-delays-in-germany http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/09/storms-batter-france/

Notes

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not a windstorm


 
Airmass trajectory model 8 June Luxembourg HYSPLIT NOAA

References

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  1. ^ "Supercells over parts of France brought severe thunderstorms, large hail and flash flooding from 7-9 June". EUMETSAT. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  2. ^ "Un week-end de Pentecôte marqué par une forte activité orageuse" (in French). Météo France. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  3. ^ Koogi, Lene (11 June 2014). "Tyskland: Hårdt uvejr har kostet seks mennesker livet" (in Danish). Danish Radio. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  4. ^ "Pressemitteilung vom: 27.06.2014" (in Geman). Deutscher Wetterdienst Pressestelle. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ "Adopt a Vortex". Free University of Berlin. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chaleur record dans l'Est" (in French). Météo-France. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Tagesaktualitäten 08. Juni 2014 Heisser Sommertag" (in German). MeteoSwiss. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  8. ^ a b Schwere Gewitterfront in NRW am 09.06.2014. Analyse zum Unwetter in NRW am 9. Juni 2014 bei unwetterzentrale.de, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2014
  9. ^ "Records décadaires de chaleur lundi 9 juin" (in French). MeteoParis.com. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  10. ^ "premiere-vague-de-chaleur-de-l-annee-episode-orageux-severe-entre-lundi-09-et-mardi-10". Infoclimat. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  11. ^ "Première vague de chaleur de la saison en France : records en vue" (in French). La Chaîne Météo. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  12. ^ "Premier épisode de chaleur en France ce dimanche 8 juin 2014 - Activation de la plate-forme téléphonique d'information : 0800 06 66 66" (in French). http://www.sante.gouv.fr/. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "Herdplatte Schweiz" (in German). MeteoSchweiz. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Lingenhöhl, Daniel (6 June 2014). "Die erste Hitzewelle" (in German). Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Cite error: The named reference "Lingenhöhl" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Hartmann, Christoph (6 June 2014). "Thema des Tages, 6/9/2014: Wie die Dominosteine" (in German). DWD.de. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Zwaar onweer 9 juni 2014" (in Dutch). KNMI. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  17. ^ a b Bagley, Andrea (10 June 2014). "Deadly storms hit western Germany". The Weather Network. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g "Un week-end de Pentecôte marqué par une forte activité orageuse" (in French). Météo-France. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  19. ^ "Violents orages dans le nord du pays, ainsi qu'entre Charente-Maritime et Touraine le 8 juin" (in French). Retrieved 8 juin 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ a b Dutton, Liam (10 June 2014). "Supercell thunderstorm hits Germany with over 100,000 lightning strikes". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  21. ^ "Extreme Unwetter v.a. Westen Deutschlands". Skywarn.de forum (in German). 09.06.2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "Western Europe Sees Severe Storms". A Weather Moment. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  23. ^ a b Collins, Simon (7 June 2014). "Spanish Plume Event June 2014" (PDF). SkyWarn UK. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  24. ^ "Orage de grêle violent sur Yvelines, Val d'Oise, Oise, Aisne - énormes grêlons". Meteo-Paris. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  25. ^ a b c d e f "Unwettergefahr noch nicht gebannt" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  26. ^ „Vielen ist nicht klar, dass wir mit dem Klima ein Problem haben“. Artikel vom 11. Juni 2014 im Portal rp-online.de, abgerufen am 13. Juni 2014
  27. ^ "June 2014 Global Catastrophe Recap" (PDF). Aon Benfield. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  28. ^ "Loss from storm Ela hits $2.5B. 2014 insured catastrophe losses reach $17B". ArtemisBM. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  29. ^ "Hailstorm claims could hit €900m". The Connexion. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  30. ^ "Une énorme tempête de grêlons s'abat sur la Belgique: 5 personnes blessées" (in French). RTL.be. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference RMS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ "Severe storm kills six in Germany". New Europe. KG/Xinhua. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  33. ^ "Storm damage is worse than thought, warns DB". Railway Gazette. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  34. ^ Doll, Nikolaus (19 June 2014). "Sturm in NRW kostet die Bahn 60 Millionen Euro" (in German). Die Welt. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  35. ^ "Rückblick Juni 2014 Hitze und Unwetter zu Pfingsten" (in German). WetterOnline. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Germany storm Ela's $900m loss could hit collateralized reinsurance". Artemis.bm. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  37. ^ "German insurers face $887M bill for June storm". Reuters via Business Insurance. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  38. ^ "Severe Thunderstorms in Germany France and Belgium". AIR-Worldwide. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  39. ^ "Zware onweersbuien tijdens Pinksteren" (in Dutch). KNMI. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  40. ^ a b "Chaleur et dégradation orageuse dimanche 8 et lundi 9 juin" (in French). Meteociel.fr. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  41. ^ "Nouvelle dégradation orageuse ce lundi de Pentecôte" (in French). Meteociel.fr. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  42. ^ "Synthèse des fortes chaleurs du 6 au 14 juin" (in French). MeteoParis. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  43. ^ "Thunderstorms producing very large hail near Paris, France". CIMSS Satellite Blog. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  44. ^ Sävert, Thomas; Laps, Stefan (June 2014). "Schwere Gewitterfront in NRW am 09.06.2014" (in German). Unwetter Zentrale. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
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