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Sri Lanka
The Army
The Sri Lankan Army is the oldest and largest of the nation's three armed services. It was established as the Royal Ceylon Army in 1949, and was renamed when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. The commander of the army exercises direct operational control over the force. In early 1988, the government announced a major reorganization of the army, creating several high-level posts to accommodate the new structure. Under this revised chain of command, the commander of the army (upgraded from lieutenant general to general) will be assisted by a deputy commander (a lieutenant general) and a chief of staff (a major general). Apart from the Colombo District, which will be under the direct authority of Army Headquarters, the island will be divided into two area commands and twenty-one sectors. Each area command is scheduled to have 12,000 troops under the authority of a major general, with a brigadier as chief of staff. When the reorganization is completed, each sector will have a full battalion of troops dedicated to its defense.
Like the Indian Army, the Sri Lankan Army has largely retained the British-style regimental system that it inherited upon independence. The individual regiments (such as the Sri Lanka Light Infantry and the Sinha Regiment) operated independently and recruited their own members. Officers tended to remain in a single battalion throughout their careers. The infantry battalion, the basic unit of organization in field operations, included five companies of four platoons each. Incomplete reports suggest that a typical platoon had three squads (sections) of ten personnel each. In addition to the basic infantry forces, a commando regiment was established in 1986. Support for the infantry was provided by two reconnaissance regiments (one regular, one reserve), two field artillery regiments (one regular, one reserve), one antiaircraft regiment, one field engineering regiment, one engineering plant regiment, one signals battalion, a medical corps, and a variety of logistics units.
In late 1987, the army had a total estimated strength of up to 40,000 troops, about evenly divided between regular army personnel and reservists on active duty. The approximately 20,000 regular army troops represented a significant increase over the 1983 strength of only 12,000. Aggressive recruitment campaigns following the 1983 riots raised this number to 16,000 by early 1985.
After the 1971 uprising, the army expanded its range of weapons from the original stock of World War II-era British Lee Enfield rifles and 4.2-inch heavy mortars. New sources of weaponry in the mid-to-late 1970s included the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and China, countries with which the left-leaning Bandaranaike government had the closest ties. China continued to be an important source into the 1980s, and was joined by Australia, Italy, South Africa, Israel,and the United States. New equipment included 85mm field guns, light trucks, and armored personnel carriers. Chinese copies of Soviet small arms were the basic weapons used by the infantry. Of particular note were the Type 56 semiautomatic rifle (based on the Soviet AK), the Type 69 rocket launcher (like the Soviet RPG-7), and the Type 56 light machine gun, a copy of the Soviet 7.62mm RPD.
Despite the rapid acquisition of trucks and armored personnel carriers, individual units of the army had no transportation capability of their own, and most patrols were carried out on foot. Helicopters were available only for special operations, and most troop transport was by ordinary buses or minibuses. This situation frequently left troops vulnerable to mines, and many of the army's casualties occurred in this fashion, rather than in face-to-face combat with the insurgents. Because of the small geographical area within which the forces were deployed, long supply lines were not necessary, and individual units frequently made their own decisions about what rations to carry on a given operation.
Most training is provided at the Army Training Centre in Diyatalawa, Badulla District, Uva Province. The center encompasses three separate facilities: the Sri Lankan Military Academy, the Non-Commissioned Officers' School, and the Recruit Training School. The Military Academy was founded in 1981 and absorbed the earlier Officers' Cadet School and the Officers' Study Center. In the late 1980s, it was providing training in tactics and administration, and its graduates were commissioned as officers in the regular forces. The officer cadets' course lasted ninety weeks and prepared cadets to serve as platoon commanders. It included military and academic subjects as well as physical training, and placed a special emphasis on fostering leadership qualities and an understanding of the role of the officer as a servant of the state. Because of an extreme shortage of officers at the lower levels, a short commission course was developed to speed the training process. Cadets in this course received fifty-six weeks of training and committed themselves to five years of service with the option of continuing their careers in the military. The Army Training Centre handled approximately 300 recruits at a time and, in 1982, reportedly trained 18 officers. Additional training is provided by individual field units.
Cadet training was offered at the Sir John Kotelawala Defence Academy established in 1981 in Ratmalana, fourteen kilometers south of Colombo. (The academy was named after the nation's third prime minister.) Each year, the academy admits fifty cadets (ages seventeen to nineteen) for a three-year program of academic work and basic training. Graduates continue their studies at a regular university before taking up a full-time career in the military services.
With the limited capacity of indigenous training facilities, the armed forces have relied extensively on foreign military training. The British played a central role in the early years following independence and have continued to be an important source of military expertise. Other sources have included Pakistan, Australia, Malaysia, and the United States. In addition, in an agreement reached in 1984, Israeli security personnel (reportedly from Shin Bet, the Israeli counterespionage and internal security organization) went to Sri Lanka to train army officers in counterinsurgency techniques (see Foreign Military Relations , this ch.).
Sri Lanka
Foreign Military Relations
Sri Lanka's oldest and most enduring military relationship has been with Britain. As a British colony, the island was garrisoned with British troops and, following independence, its own indigenous armed forces were organized, trained, armed, and led by British military personnel. Under a mutual defense arrangement dating from 1947, the two nations have agreed to give each other "such military assistance for the security of their territories for defense against external aggression and for the protection of essential communications as it may be in their mutual interests to provide." The vague wording of this treaty has allowed it to survive a number of political swings in Sri Lanka's domestic arena, and it remained in force in 1988. Even after the government of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike withdrew island base rights from British forces in 1957, the British continued to be a major supplier of military hardware. Although the British government has denied any direct involvement, for a time former British Special Air Service personnel under the auspices of the private firm of Keeny Meeny Services were instrumental in training Sri Lankan troops in counterterrorist and counterinsurgency techniques.
After the anti-Tamil riots of 1983 and as the ethnic insurgency increased in the north, the government turned to a variety of foreign nations to assist in its counterinsurgency campaign. In May 1984, at considerable cost to its standing among Third World nations, the government arranged for the establishment of an Israeli special interest section in Colombo. Operating out of the United States embassy, agents from Shin Bet, the Israeli counterespionage and internal security organization, trained members of the Sri Lankan Special Task Force and other groups in intelligence gathering and internal security techniques.
Other nations that have reportedly provided training include Australia, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the United States. Unconfirmed press reports suggest that a number of foreign advisers, including Englishmen, Pakistanis, and South Africans, have actually taken part in combat operations against the Tamil insurgents. In April 1986, the Indian press announced that a Pakistani Air Force officer had been killed in an airplane crash shortly after participating in an air assault in Northern Province.
Military relations between Sri Lanka and India underwent a major change in mid-1987. For almost ten years, the Tamil insurgency in Northern and Eastern provinces had been a major source of friction between the two nations because India provided shelter, training, and weapons to the insurgent groups. The Sri Lankan insurgents found abundant sympathy and support for their cause within the Tamil-dominated Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and Madras served as the headquarters from which they regularly issued condemnations of the government. Beginning in May 1987, the Indian government changed its official role from that of intermediary to active participant as it sought to abate the turmoil in the island and bring together the Tamil separatists and the Sri Lankan government. Although the resulting Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, which was signed in July 1987, offered an equitable formula for restoring peace to the troubled nation, a subsequent exchange of executive letters accorded to India a substantial voice in Sri Lankan military affairs. In particular, Sri Lanka acceded to three major concessions. First, it agreed to consult New Delhi on the employment of all foreign military and intelligence personnel in Sri Lanka "with a view to insuring that such presences will not prejudice Indo-Sri Lankan relations." Second, it guaranteed that no Sri Lankan ports would be made available "for military use by any country in a manner prejudicial to India's interests." Third, Sri Lanka agreed to review its contracts with foreign broadcasting organizations to insure that none of their facilities in Sri Lanka would be used for military or intelligence purposes. This latter concession was specifically aimed at Voice of America broadcasting operations on the island. In return, New Delhi agreed to deport all Sri Lankan terrorists and insurgents operating on Indian soil and to provide military training and supplies to the Sri Lankan armed forces. Press reports in early 1988 suggested that Sri Lanka was prepared to expand and formalize its military relationship with India through a treaty of friendship and cooperation similar to that linking India with the Soviet Union.
Phillip Upali Wijewardena 1938-1983, b:17-Feb-1938. Educated at Royal College, Colombo. Joined St. Johns School, Surrey, University of Cambridge.
Business magnate, Industrialist. Established MAZDA/FIAT Upali FIAT car assembly plant, UMC Radio Company, Chocolate Manufacturing Company Kandos. Chairman GCEC. Disappeared in his Jet Plane on his way from Malaysia to Sri Lanka on 13-Feb-1983
File:Upali.jpg
The young Upali who lost his father at the tender age of 1 2/1 years was brought up by his mother Anula Kalyanawathie Wiewardene, Upali had his primary education at Ladies College and Royal College Colombo. He later graduated from Queen's College of Cambridge University in England.
On his return to Sri Lanka Upali commenced his business career as a Management Trainee at Lever Brothers. Thereafter, he ventured out on his own and founded the Upali Group of Companies under the sign of the eternal symbol of energy "The Sun". Upali's maternal uncle the late Sarath Wijesinghe, President of the Senate and Chairman Board of stewards of the Ceylon Turf Club was a great inspiration to him in both his business and horse racing career.
"Upali Group" pioneered by one man, began as a small candy manufacturing factory under "Delta" brand in Sri Lanka. Next he was the pioneer to assemble radios, clocks and TVs under the "UNIC" Brand. Upali Motor Company was next on line. The UMC Mazda and Upali Fiat were assembled at his Industrial Complex in Homagama in the early 70s. He also started the first domestic airline and helicopter service "Upali Aviation".
Upali next acquired "Kandos Chocolate Company" from his uncle Sarath Wijesinghe. His next venture was "Consumer Products" such as "Sikuru" and "Crystal" soap which are a household name in Sri Lanka today. He also started the Upali Newspapers Ltd. by publishing "Island" and "Divaina" Newspapers. His paternal uncle late D.R. Wijewardene Founder of Lake House was his inspiration for this venture. The Upali Group employed 33,000 workers worldwide during Upali's time.
Upali Wijewardene was a man of many parts. He was the Basnayake Nilame of the "Raja Maha Viharaya, Kelaniya". This position he inherited from his father, late Don Walter Wijewardene, son of Helena Wijewardene Lamathani, who renovated the present Kelaniya Temple after its destruction by the Portuguese.
His religious belief was such that whatever he produced, he first offered to the Kelaniya Temple. The name Upali Wijewardene is synonymous with "The Sport of Kings, Horse Racing". Upali was the Chairman, Board of Stewards of the Sri Lanka Turf Club, he was a keen turfite and raced in Sri Lanka and England where he won the "Royal Ascot" with "Rasa Penag" ridden by the world famous Jockey "Lester Piggot".
He also won the "Singapore Derby" and "Perak Derby" - 1980 with his horse named "Varron". He raced "General Atty" too and won many races in England. He flew to all these countries where his horses were racing in his private aircraft. Upali made it a point to fly from New Market to Nuwara Eliya to watch his horses and ponies racing there too. He would land in Katunayake Airport and make a quick tarmac change to his private helicopter to fly to Nuwara Eliya. Upali was responsible in reviving pony racing and thereafter to horse racing during the time there was a lull in racing.
His pony mare "Amal" won 40 races and entered the Guiness Book Records. He imported 3 horses "Kandos Man", "King of Zulu", "Cornwall Garden" to revive horse racing in Sri Lanka.
Upali Wijewardene raced under the famous racing colours first used by his uncle Sarath Wijesinghe "Red and Gold Cross Slash". At present these colours can be seen at our turf on the horses raced by Dhammika Attygalle nephew of Upali Wijewardene.
Upali had two sisters namely Anoja Wijesundera and Kalyani Attygalle, two nieces and six nephews. One of his nephews Dhammika Attygalle is the current President of the Sri Lanka Turf Club, Shalitha Wijesundera was the past Treasurer of the Sri Lanka Turf Club and Dr. Rohan Wijesundera is also very keen on promoting horse racing in Sri Lanka.
Another hobby of Upali was rearing Pedigreed Dogs. He imported 4 higher pedigreed Labrador retriever from England to revive Labrador breeding in Sri Lanka in the 70s. The first two Labrador dogs imported by him were "CH Kingsbury Caramel" and "CH Royalwood Jane" the next two were "Lady Lyndhurst Raqual" and his favourite yellow Labrador male "Charlie" who missed his Master so much when Upali disappeared and waited daily by the back gate for his dear master to return. He enjoyed handling his dogs himself at the dog shows organised by the ladies Kennel Association of Sri Lanka. He showed these dogs under his kennel name "Sunny Croft".
Upali was keen on Motor racing too. Having raced his mother's "Opel Kapitan" at the Katukurunde Races in early 60s. He was so enthusiastic about racing that he imported an "M.G.A. Sports Twin Cam", which he raced at the Mahagastota Hill Climb, His enthusiasm to motor racing made him phone from London and buy a "Mitsubishi Lancer" to be raced at the Nuwara Eliya Road Races and Mahagastota Hill Climb in 1980.
Upali imported a luxury S-Class Mercedes Benz 126 from Malaysia. This was the first car of this type in Sri Lanka.
He got married on 7th November 1975 to Lakmini, daughter of Dr and Mrs Seevali Ratwatte.
The creation of GCEC (now the BOI) was the brainchild of Upali Wijewardene. His Excellency the President J.R. Jayawardene who was his cousin appointed Upali Wijewardene as the first Director General of the GCEC. Upali's political aspirations were to see to the welfare of the people of Kamburupitiya and serve his motherland. He was the Founder of the Ruhunu Udanaya, which developed and uplifted the economy of the Southern people.
The Sri Lanka Turf Club is thankful to Upali Group for the sponsorship of "The Upali Wijewardene - Kandos Trophy" for Class I Thoroughbred Horse Race held at the Nuwara Eliya Race Course in April in memory of their Founder Chairman to promote and develop this sport.
It is sad to say that the disappearance of Upali Wijewardene at the prime of his life has left a void in Sri Lanka which cannot be filled.
[1]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HKKn8m7Kd4
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23466
http://thinkexist.com/quotes/iqbal_athas/
http://www.ifex.org/alerts/content/view/full/12777
http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items06/140806-10.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6690633.stm
http://www.sinhaya.com/athas_1.html
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/2_52.htm
http://press.jrc.it/NewsExplorer/entities/en/17056.html
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