| Unit 731 | |
|---|---|
 The Unit 731 complex | |
| Location | Pingfang, China |
| Coordinates | 45°36′N 126°38′E / 45.6°N 126.63°E |
| Date | 1935–1945 |
Attack type | Human experimentation Biological warfare Chemical warfare |
| Weapons | Biological weapons Chemical weapons Explosives |
| Deaths | Over 3,000 from inside experiments and tens of thousands from field experiments |
| Perpetrators | General Shirō Ishii Lt. General Masaji Kitano Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department |
Unit 731 (Japanese: 731部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) of World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japan. Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China).
It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (関東軍防疫給水部本部, Kantōgun Bōeki Kyūsuibu Honbu). Originally set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan, Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shiro Ishii, an officer in the Kwantung Army. The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name "Unit 731" in 1941.
Between 3,000 and 250,000[1] men, women, and children[2][3]—from which around 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai[4]—died during the human experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites, such as Unit 100.[5]
Unit 731 veterans of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese, Koreans and Mongolians.[6] Almost 70% of the victims who died in the Pingfang camp were Chinese, including both civilian and military.[7] Close to 30% of the victims were Russian.[8] Some others were South East Asians and Pacific Islanders, at the time colonies of the Empire of Japan, and a small number of Allied prisoners of war.[9] The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945. The Nazis and Japanese conspired in their experimental efforts.[citation needed]
Instead of being tried for war crimes, the researchers involved in Unit 731 were given immunity by the U.S. in exchange for their data on human experimentation.[10] Some were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949. Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program.[11] On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence."[10] Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as Communist propaganda.[12]
- ^ Japan unearths site linked to human experiments. Some historians estimate up to 250,000 people were subjected to experiments., http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/21/japan-excavates-site-human-experiments
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
dcrwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Khabarovsk War Crime Trials. Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Biological Weapons, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950. p. 117
- ^ Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, Westviewpress, 1996, p.138
- ^ The Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities and Its Enduring Legacy in Japanese Research Ethics
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
nytwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ AII The War Crime "Unit 731" and Chinese, Korean Civilian. ci
- ^ Seiichi Morimura, The Devil's Gluttony, 1981
- ^ The devil unit, Unit 731. ７３１部隊について
- ^ a b Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109
- ^ Harris, S.H. (2002) Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932—1945, and the American Cover-up, revised edn. Routledge, New York, USA.
- ^ The World: Revisiting World War II Atrocities; Comparing the Unspeakable to the Unthinkable. New York Times