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User:Lemonlime442/Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Marine Refuge

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The Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Marine Refuge is located in Knight Bay on the Central Coast of British Columbia and encompasses Lull Bay, Hoeya Sound and their corresponding watersheds.[1][2] This Marine Refuge was created in partnership by the Mamalilikulla First Nation and the British Columbia Provincial Government.[1][2] This refuge was officially established on November 29, 2021, by the Mamalilikulla First Nation.[1] The Lull/Hoeya Marine Refuge was created with the purpose of protecting biodiversity, endangered species, Indigenous culture and heritage, in an area with unique physical geography and oceanography. The creation of the marine refuge would not have been possible without the effort and commitment of the Mamalilikulla First Nation Community.[2]

Establishment of the Marine Refuge

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Marine Bioregions of Canada. Yellow Section (4) is the Northern Shelf Bioregion that is Located in British Columbia.

The Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala Marine Refuge is 21.4 square kilometres, less than 0.01% of Canada’s total ocean conservation goals.[3] The refuge is the first to be part of a larger Marine Protected Area (MPA) network in the Northern Shelf Bioregion.[4] The process to establish the Marine Protected Area started in 2006 and was implemented in 2023.[5] The bioregion, as a whole, is biologically significant among Canada’s coastline.[4] The region around the marine refuge is also culturally significant to the Mamalilikulla First Nation, who use the area for fishing, hunting, and timber-harvesting and have lived in their territory since time immemorial.[6] In 2012, Mamalilikulla First Nation realized the significance of Hoeya Sill.[7] As a result, the sill became notable to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in 2016.[7] Eventually, the First Nation declared the area an Indigenous Protected and Conserved Area (IPCA) that includes Lull Bay, Hoeya Sound, and the surrounding watersheds because the entire ecosystem is interconnected.[7] The B.C. provincial government, the Canadian federal government, and fifteen First Nations worked together to form a Network Action Plan and apply regulation to the marine refuge.[6] The Project Finance for Permanence (PFP) model serves as the model for funding the management of the refuge.[8] PFP is the same framework that funds the stewardship of the Great Bear Rainforest.[8] The marine refuge is governed by the Fisheries Act, Land Act Section 17, and the Wildlife Act (BC).[6]

Purpose of the Refuge

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Preservation of Lull Bay and Hoeya Sound

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Mamalilikulla First Nation has the inherent responsibility to care for the land and sea within their territory because they have never relinquished their Aboriginal Rights and Title.[7] The First Nation established the IPCA in response to the provincial and federal governments’ endorsement of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).[7] The marine refuge is meant to endure, thereby safeguarding biodiversity, mitigating the effects of climate change, and contributing to the Canadian federal government’s goal of preserving 25% of Canadian waters by 2025.[4] As a shallow oceanic ecosystem, the marine refuge sequesters carbon, provides a source of food, and serves as habitat for other organisms.[9] Meanwhile, biodiversity is influential on human welfare and vital for ecological viability.[9] Furthermore, Indigenous harvesting practices depend on healthy populations of native species.[6] However, aquatic organisms face environmental pressures, such as increasing temperatures, over-exploitation, pollution, and coastal infrastructure development.[9] Profit-oriented harvesting, leisure-based fishing, mining, and waste-dumping would all damage the ecosystem around the refuge.[6]

Protection of the Marine Ecosystem

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Although trawling and tuna-fishing were already not permitted in the area before the establishment of the refuge, Hoeya Sill was still a place to fish for salmon by gillnet and to stockpile timber from forestry activities upstream.[6] The establishment of the refuge prohibited commercial and leisure fishing and other detrimental human activities within the zone.[3] The purpose of the fishing prohibition is to preserve the coral, seagrass, and kelp, and to maintain ecosystem services that they provide.[6] Tour and leisure boats are subject to constraints because the marine refuge is a breeding site for seabirds.[6]

Indigenous Involvement

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Joint Management

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The Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Marine Refuge was established through joint involvement of the Provincial Government, British Columbia Ministries and the Mamalilikulla First Nation.[1][2] The Mamalilikulla First Nation developed an Indigenous Protected and Conserved Area (IPCA) for a 10,416-hectare area of Knight Bay on the Central Coast of British Columbia, that includes Lull Bay and Hoeya Sound and the Lull and Hoeya watersheds.[1][2] This IPCA was officially declared on November 29, 2021, by the Mamalilikulla First Nation.[1] The foundation for the IPCA is based on prioritizing conservation of the Lull Bay and Hoeya Sound area, while ensuring the Mamalilikulla First Nation is able to survive and thrive in the area.[1] The Mamalilikulla’s management plans outlined in the IPCA, in partnership with provincial ministries, was used to create a complete and wide-ranging conservation plan that covers all areas outline in the IPCA.[1] The provincial government, along with local ministries are ensuring any future plans reflect joint planning and management with the Mamalilikulla First Nation.[1]

 
Geographic Location of the Central Coast of British Columbia.

Mamalilikulla First Nation's History on the Land

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The Mamalilikulla First Nation know this land better than anyone else as Hoeya Sound is historically where their clan lived.[4] This land was historically used by the people of the Mamalilikulla community as a village site where community members participated in activities such as hunting, fishing and trapping.[4] Due to this Nation’s history in the area, many important archaeological sites are present.[4] Various reports from 2018 indicate that Mamalilikulla has multiple goals for the IPCA that they wish to achieve through joint management with government and ministries.[2] These goals include initiatives based on their knowledge of the land that prioritize protecting habitats, species, culture/cultural connections, archaeological sites and food security.[2][4] The First Nation aims to protect these aspects of their land and community by incorporating ecosystem management and holistic approaches to conservation.[2] Ideally, these goals will benefit the Mamalilikulla community by providing new economic opportunities for the Nation.[2]

Mamalilikulla First Nation's Involvement

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The creation of the IPCA declaration would not have been possible without a substantial amount of work, commitment and effort from the Mamalilikulla First Nation Community.[2] Members attended numerous community meetings, collected multiple documents, conducted studies and created management plans that significantly contributed to the success of the IPCA.[2] The success of the IPCA created by the Mamalilikulla First Nation was recognized in February 2023.[2] A crucial component of the IPCA was the marine ecosystem that formally protected the Lull Bay and Hoeya Sound area in the Knight Bay in British Columbia, along with their respective watersheds.[2] This IPCA was officially acknowledged as the first of its kind for the Northern Shelf Bioregion Marine Protected Areas Network Planning process.[2] This recognition is an incredible achievement for the Mamalilikulla First Nation, the provincial government and local ministries.

Physical Geography and Oceanography

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The Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala Marine Refuge lies below the Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala Indigenous Protected and Conserved Area, in the middle of Knight Inlet.[3] Lull Bay, Hoeya Sound and the Hoeya Head Sill are included within the 21.4km area, along with a section of the Inlet.[3] It lies within the Northern Shelf bioregion.[10] Research suggests that the Hoeya Head Sill’s oceanography is the reason for such high amounts of biodiversity in this area.[11] Internal waves are created because of the heavier salt water on the bottom of the inlet and the lighter fresh water on the surface.[11] These waves move inside the body of water rather than on the surface. Because of the tidal mixing of fresh and salt water, there is copious amounts of biological productivity in the Hoeya Head Sill.[11]

Biodiversity

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Primnoa pacifica in Tracy Arm Fjord, Alaska, 18 metres deep.

The refuge is very biodiverse and is home to over 240 species.[11] There are over 46 species of sponges, anemones and corals, which provide shelter for other organisms.[11] One of these species of coral is the Primnoa pacifica, which is commonly known as the Red Tree Coral. The Primnoa pacifica creates structure for suspension feeders, such as anemones and sponges, while also creating shelter for other organisms like crustaceans and rockfish.[11] Hoeya Head Sill’s lowest depth is 65m, but this coral is usually found at much lower depths of 150m-250m.[12][13] The most shallow water depth that the Primnoa pacifica has ever been found in was 9 metres in Alaska, both in Tracy Arm Fjord and Glacier Bay; it was found at depths of 12m in Hoeya Head Sill.[13]

Primnoa pacifica at this depth is rare, and this is the only area in coastal British Columbia with a Primnoa pacifica population.[13] A few other species that are usually found in deep ocean but are also found in the Hoeya Head Sill include the shrimp Eualus townsendi, Hemitripterus bolini the bigmouth sculpin, and two species of sponges: Aphrocallistes vastus and Amphilectus infundibulus.[13]

The creation of the Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala Marine Refuge means that fishing is prohibited, and cannot be used for recreational or commercial reasons.[3] This will protect sponges, corals and other structural organisms that live along the bottom of the Sill and can be harmed by fishing methods involving contact with the seafloor (bottom-contact fishing).[3] The Canadian federal government also considers the Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala Marine Refuge as a contribution to the 30 by 30 goals laid out at the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), which is an international goal to protect 30% of water and land by 2030.[4][11]

Endangered Species and Species at Risk

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Rock Fish

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One of the species protected by Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) marine refuge is rockfish.[3] There are three different kinds of rockfish listed under Canada's Species at Risk Act, the Rougheye Rockfish type I and II, and the Yelloweye Rockfish.[14] These fish live for a very long time and subsequently take a long time to reach age of sexual maturity.[15]  This in combination with their tendency to live in the same habitat their entire life can have adverse effects on the population.[15][16] Rockfish also need protection because when they are taken out of the water it can cause barotrauma which is the idea that due to their closed swim bladders, these animals puff up because of their inability to adapt to pressure changes.[16]

Other Species

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Another fish species protected in this area is salmon.[3] Not all species of pacific salmon are endangered, some are also threatened, of special concern and not at risk.[17] Coral fans are another species that is protected in this refuge.[3] What makes these corals, specifically gorgonian corals, unique is the elevation they are found at is much higher than you would usually observe in nature.[3] Certain fishing practices and recreational activities can be very damaging to the corals so there is a ban on these practices within this area.[3] The corals are significant because they are used by multiple species as houses and spawning grounds.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stewardship, Water Land and Resource (2023-02-05). "First marine refuge within the Northern Shelf Bioregion is established | BC Gov News". news.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCA) » Mamalilikulla First Nation". Mamalilikulla First Nation. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2023-02-05). "Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) marine refuge". www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Canada, Fisheries and Oceans (2023-02-05). "First marine refuge within the Northern Shelf Bioregion is established". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  5. ^ Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2023-02-05). "MPA Network BC Northern Shelf Initiative (2023) Network Action Plan – a summary". www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "MPA Network BC Northern Shelf Initiative" (PDF). mpanetwork.ca. 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  7. ^ a b c d e Powell, John (2022). "Mamalilikulla Indigenous Protected and Conserved Area: From vision to validation". Parks Stewardship Forum. 38 (2). doi:10.5070/P538257528.
  8. ^ a b Canada, Fisheries and Oceans (2023-02-05). "Marine Protected Area Network partners endorse plan to protect British Columbia's North Coast". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  9. ^ a b c Robinson, Kristin Meagher; Prentice, Carolyn; Clemente‐Carvalho, Rute; Hall, Kyle; Monteith, Zachary L.; Morien, Evan; Olson, Angeleen M.; Pontier, Ondine; Hessing‐Lewis, Margot; Kellogg, Colleen T. E.; Lemay, Matthew A. (2023-04-20). "Paired environmental DNA and dive surveys provide distinct but complementary snapshots of marine biodiversity in a temperate fjord". Environmental DNA. 5 (3): 597–612. doi:10.1002/edn3.423. ISSN 2637-4943.
  10. ^ Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-03-20). "Map of bioregions". www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  12. ^ Olson1, Hall2, Monteith3, Pontier4, Prentice5, Hessing-Lewis6, Angeleen1, Kyle2, Zachary3, Ondine4, Carolyn5, Margot6 (November 10, 2020). "Biodiversity Assessment of the Hoeya Sill in Knight Inlet, British Columbia" (PDF). Hakai Institute. Retrieved October 8, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b c d McDaniel1, Swanston2, Neil1, Doug2 (May 1, 2013). "Observations on the Gorgonian Coral Primnoa pacifica at the Knight Inlet sill, British Columbia 2008 to 2013" (PDF). Retrieved October 8, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Government of Canada, Environment Canada. "A to Z Species Index - Species at Risk Public Registry". www.sararegistry.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  15. ^ a b Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2018-12-17). "Yelloweye Rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus): management plan, 218". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  16. ^ a b Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2008-05-16). "Protecting rockfish | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada". www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  17. ^ Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-09-24). "Species at Risk Act and Pacific salmon | Pacific Region | Fisheries and Oceans Canada". www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
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