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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Hexacarbonylchromium
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| Other names
Chromium carbonyl
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
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| Properties | |
| Cr(CO)6 | |
| Molar mass | 220.057 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless crystals |
| Density | 1.77 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point | 90 °C (194 °F; 363 K) |
| Boiling point | 210 °C (410 °F; 483 K) (decomposes) |
| insoluble | |
| Solubility | soluble in organic solvents |
| Structure | |
| orthrhombic | |
| octahedral | |
| 0 D | |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Toxic |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | 210 °C (410 °F; 483 K) |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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150 mg/kg (oral, mouse) 230 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 1 mg/m3[1] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 0.5 mg/m3[1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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250 mg/m3[1] |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Oxford MSDS |
| Related compounds | |
Other cations
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Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Tungsten hexacarbonyl Seaborgium hexacarbonyl[2] |
Related compounds
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Vanadium hexacarbonyl Dimanganese decacarbonyl |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chromium hexacarbonyl (IUPAC name: hexacarbonylchromium) is a chromium(0) organometallic compound with the formula Cr(CO)6. It is homoleptic complex, which means that all the ligands are identical. At room temperature the solid is stable to air, although it does have a high vapor pressure and sublimes readily.
History
editThe Cr(CO)6 was prepared by the treatment of Cr(III) salts with high pressures of carbon monoxide in the presence of reducing agents such as Grignard reagents or zinc dust.[3][4][5]
![{\displaystyle {\ce {CrCl3 ->[{CO}][{Reductant}] Cr(CO)6}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b48e6db421dccfaba2d188cbcce45f0833028556)
In 1957, Natta et al revealed that it becomes easier to reduce a chromous salt of organic acids, chromium acetylacetonate with an excess of powdered magnesium in pyridine as a reaction medium. This change raised the product yield dramatically up to 82%.[6]
![{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr(acac)2 + Mg ->[{CO(190atm)}][{pyridine}] Cr(CO)6}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd3512979d1aaf87d0140c051f4d1ec9a3ee30b3)
After two decades from then, the formation of chromium carbonyls was enabled by the direct reactions of the chromium(0) metal with CO gas, which had previously been regarded viable for only the metals including Ni or Fe, not Cr.[7]
![{\displaystyle {\ce {CrCl3.THF + K -> Cr(0) ->[CO (280atm)] Cr(CO)6}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc1b69152e4c4c6794f84198ee8a8deab68c57f1)
Electronic structure and bonding
editIn chromium hexacarbonyl, the oxidation state for chromium is assigned as zero, because Cr-C bonding electrons come from the C atom and are still assigned to C in the hypothetical ionic bond which determines the oxidation states. The formula conforms to the 18-electron rule and the complex adopts octahedral geometry with six carbonyl ligands.
The bonding between d6 chromium metal and neutral carbonyl ligands is described by the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model.It involves donation of electrons in HOMO of CO to empty d orbitals of the Cr metals while back-bonding from other d orbitals to the pi* orbital of the ligands reinforces the interactions synergistically.
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The crystallographic studies on this compound have discovered the Cr–C and C–O distances of 1.916 and 1.171 Å, respectively.[8][9][10] On one hand, there has been continuous efforts to calculate the electronic structures (including HOMO and LUMO) as well as its molecular geometry on the chromium hexacarbonyl compound with various approaches.[11][12][13] According to one of the most recent studies[14], the ground state configuration of Cr(CO)6 turns out (2t2g)6(9 t1u)0(2t2u)0.
Reactions and applications
editPhotochemical reactions
editPentacarbonyl derivatives
editWhen heated or UV-irradiated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution, Cr(CO)6 converts to Cr(CO)5(THF) with loss of one CO ligand. The THF ligand is readily displaced. Often the THF complex is generated and used in situ.[15][16]
UV-irradiation of frozen solutions of chromium hexacarbonyl affords a variety of labile adducts, including labile but complexes with some noble gases.[17]
Photodimerization of norbornadiene
editNorbornadiene was dimerized photochemically in the presence of Cr(CO)6, similarly to other metal complexes like Fe(CO)6, Ni(CO)4, and Co(CO)8NO.[18]
Arene derivatives
editHeating a solution of Cr(CO)6 in an aromatic solvent results in replacement of three CO ligands. The reactions are especially favorable for electron-rich arenes:
- Cr(CO)6 + C6H5R → Cr(CO)3(C6H5R) + 3 CO
The products are "piano stool complexes". These species are typically yellow solids. One example is (benzene)chromium tricarbonyl.
Fischer carbenes
editAlkyl and aryl organolithium reagents (RLi) add to Cr(CO)6 to give anionic acyl complexes.[19] These anionic species in turn react with alkylating agents such as Me3O+ to form (OC)5Cr=C(OMe)R to give Fischer carbene complexes:[20]
Cyclopentadienyl derivatives
editTreatment of chromium hexacarbonyl with sodium cyclopentadienide gives NaCr(CO)3(C5H5). Oxidation of this salt affords cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer (Cp2Cr2(CO)6). This complex is distinctive because it exists in measurable equilibrium with the monometallic Cr(I) radical CpCr(CO)3.
Ligand-transfer reactions
editA unique double ligand-transfer reaction was reported with using chromium trichloride and chromium hexacarbonyl.[21] In reactions, potassium perrhenate(VII) is reduced and carbonylated by the chromium reagents and undergoes Cp ligand-transfer to afford substituted CpRh(CO)3 complexes.
Safety
editIn common with many of the other homoleptic metal carbonyls (e.g. nickel carbonyl and iron carbonyl), chromium hexacarbonyl is toxic and thought to be carcinogenic. Its vapor pressure is relatively high for a metal complex, 1 mmHg (130 Pa) at 36 °C).[22]
References
edit- ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0141". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Dullmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A.; Eichler, R.; Fan, F. L.; Hartmann, W.; Huang, M.; Jager, E.; Kaji, D.; Kanaya, J.; Kaneya, Y.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kindler, B.; Kratz, J. V.; Krier, J.; Kudou, Y.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Miyashita, S.; Morimoto, K.; Morita, K.; Murakami, M.; Nagame, Y.; Nitsche, H.; et al. (2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex". Science. 345 (6203): 1491–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1491E. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. PMID 25237098. S2CID 206558746. (subscription required)
- ^ Auteur., Job, André (1870-1928). (1927). Le chrome carbonyle et sa préparation par les organomagnésiens. impr. P. Dupont. OCLC 494793545.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Hieber, W.; Mühlbauer, F. (1935-01-28). "Über Metallcarbonyle. XII. Reaktionen und Derivate der Hexacarbonyle des Chroms und Molybdäns". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 221 (4): 337–348. doi:10.1002/zaac.19352210404.
- ^ Owen, Benton B.; English, James; Cassidy, Harold G.; Dundon, Clarissa Vanderbilt (1947-07). "The Synthesis of Chromium Hexacarbonyl 1,2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 69 (7): 1723–1725. doi:10.1021/ja01199a044. ISSN 0002-7863.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Natta, G.; Ercoli, R.; Calderazzo, F.; Rabizzoni, A. (1957-07). "A NEW SYNTHESIS OF THE CHROMIUM HEXACARBONYL". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (13): 3611–3612. doi:10.1021/ja01570a092. ISSN 0002-7863.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Rieke, Reuben D.; Öfele, Karl; Fischer, E. O. (1974-08-13). "Activated metals: VIII. Preparation of chromium hexacarbonyl from chromium metal". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 76 (1): C19–C21. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)90328-0. ISSN 0022-328X.
- ^ Jost, A.; Rees, B.; Yelon, W. B. (1975-11-01). "Electronic structure of chromium hexacarbonyl at 78 K. I. Neutron diffraction study". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 31 (11): 2649–2658. doi:10.1107/s0567740875008394. ISSN 0567-7408.
- ^ Whitaker, A.; Jeffery, J. W. (1967-12-10). "The crystal structure of chromium hexacarbonyl". Acta Crystallographica. 23 (6): 977–984. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67004153.
- ^ Kunze, Kathryn L.; Davidson, Ernest R. (1992-03). "Energetics and electronic structure of chromium hexacarbonyl". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 96 (5): 2129–2141. doi:10.1021/j100184a022. ISSN 0022-3654.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Johnson, Jeffrey B.; Klemperer, W. G. (1977-10). "A molecular orbital analysis of electronic structure and bonding in chromium hexacarbonyl". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 99 (22): 7132–7137. doi:10.1021/ja00464a006. ISSN 0002-7863.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Rees, Bernard; Mitschler, Andre (1976-12). "Electronic structure of chromium hexacarbonyl at liquid nitrogen temperature. 2. Experimental study (x-ray and neutron diffraction) of .sigma. and .pi. bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 98 (25): 7918–7924. doi:10.1021/ja00441a005. ISSN 0002-7863.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Schreiner, A. F.; Brown, Theodore L. (1968-06). "A semiempirical molecular orbital model for Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, and Ni(CO)4". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 90 (13): 3366–3374. doi:10.1021/ja01015a013. ISSN 0002-7863.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Rosa, Angela; Baerends, Evert Jan; van Gisbergen, Stan J. A.; van Lenthe, Erik; Groeneveld, Jeroen A.; Snijders, Jaap G. (1999-11-01). "Electronic Spectra of M(CO) 6 (M = Cr, Mo, W) Revisited by a Relativistic TDDFT Approach". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 121 (44): 10356–10365. doi:10.1021/ja990747t. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Costamagna, J. A.; Granifo, J. (1985). "(Substituted Thiourea)Pentacarbonylchromium(0) Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 23. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9780470132548.ch1. ISBN 9780470132548.
- ^ Simon, John D.; Xie, Xiaoliang (1986-12). "Photodissociation of chromium hexacarbonyl in solution: direct observation of the formation of pentacarbonyl(methanol)chromium". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 90 (26): 6751–6753. doi:10.1021/j100284a005. ISSN 0022-3654.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Photochemistry of the Group 6 Hexacarbonyls in Low-Temperature Matrixes. III. Interaction of the Pentacarbonyls with Noble Gases and Other Matrixes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (17): 4791–800. 1975. doi:10.1021/ja00850a001.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Jennings, Wyn (1970). "Photodimerization of norbornadiene using chromium hexacarbonyl". Journal of American Chemical Society. 92 (10): 3199–3200.
- ^ Elschenbroich, C. (2006). Organometallics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-29390-2.
- ^ Herndon, James W. (2001). "Pentacarbonyl(methoxyphenylcarbene)chromium(0)". e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis.
- ^ Katzenellenbogen, John (1998). "Preparation of Cyclopentadienyltricarbonylrhenium Complexes Using a Double Ligand-Transfer Reaction". Organometallics. 17 (10): 2009–2017.
- ^ Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). "Chromium hexacarbonyl". Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
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